Antibiotics Flashcards
Which drugs block protein synthesis at 50S ribosomal subunit?
Chloramphenicol Macrolides (Erythromycin) Clindamycin Linezolid Stretogramins (Quinupristin, Dalfopristin)
Which drugs block protein synthesis at 30S ribosomal subunit?
Aminoglycosides
Tetracyclines
Mnemonic for subunits?
“Buy AT 30, CCEL (sell) at 50”
AT = 30
CCEL = 50
Which drugs are aminoglycosides?
Gentamycin Neomycin Amkiacin Tobramycin Streptomycin
*Mean GNATS canNOT kill anaerobes
MOA of aminoglycosides?
inhibits formation of initiation complex (30S) and cause misreading of mRNA.
require O2 for uptake– ineffective against anaerobes.
batericidal
Clinical use of aminoglycosides?
severe Gram - rods
synergistic with Beta-lactams
Neomycin for bowel surgery
Toxicity of Aminoglycosides?
Nephrotoxicity (when used with cephs)
Ototoxicity (when used with loop diuretics)
Teratogen
Resistance of aminoglycosides?
transferase enzymes that inactivate the drug by acetylation, phosphorylation, adenylation
Types of Tetracyclines?
Tetracycline
Doxycycline
Demeclocycline
Minocycline
MOA of tetracyclines?
binds 30S and prevents attachment of aminoacyl-tRNA
Contraindications of tetracyclines?
Doxy cannot be used in renal failure patients (fecally eliminated)
Cannot take with milk, antacids, iron-containing preps bc divalent cations inhibit gut absorption
clinical use of tetracyclines
Borrelia burgdorferi Mycoplasma pneumo Rickettsia Chlamydia (accumulates intracellularly)
Toxicity of tetracyclines
GI distress
discoloration of teeth
inhibition of bone growth in children
photosensitivity
contraindication of tetracyclines
pregnancy
resistance of tetracyclines
dec uptake into cells or inc efflux out of cell by plasmid-encoded transport pumps
Demeclocycline additional uses
ADH antagonist
Diuretic usage in SIADH
Types of macrolides?
Erythromycin
Azithromycin
Clarithromycin
MOA of macrolides?
inhibits protein synthesis by blocking translocation (macroSLIDES). binds to the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit
Bacteriostatic
Clinical Use of macrolides?
Atypical Pneumonias (Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, Legionella)
URIs, STDs
Gram + cocci (strep infxns in pts allergic to penicillins)
Neisseria
Toxicity of macrolides?
Prolonged QT interval (especially erythromycin)
GI discomfort (MCC noncompliance)
acute cholestatic hepatitis
eosinophilia
skin rashes
inc serum conc of theophyllines, oral anticoags
Resistance with macrolides?
methylation of 23S rRNA binding site
MOA chloramphenicol?
blocks peptide bone formation at 50S ribosome subunit.
bacteriostatic
clinical use of chloramphenicol?
Meningitis (H. flu, N. meningitidis, Strep. pneumo)
conservative use d/t toxicities.
toxicity of chloramphenicol?
Anemia (dose-dep) aplastic anermia (dose-indep) gray baby syndrome (premies bc lack liver enzyme: UDP-glycuronyl transferase)
resistance of chloramphenicol?
plasmid-encoded acetyltransferase that inactivates drug.
MOA Clindamycin?
blocks peptide bond formation at 50S ribosomal subunit
bacteriostatic
clinical use of clindamycin?
anaerobic infxns (ABOVE Diaphragm)
(Bacteriodes fragilis, Clostridium perfringens)
especially aspiration pneumo & lung abscesses
toxicity of clindamycin?
pseudomembranous colitis (C.diff overgrowth)
fever
diarrhea
Empiric tx for community-acquired penumonia in outpatient setting?
Macrolides
What is penicillin bactericidal for?
Gram + cocci, rods.
Gram - cocci
Spirochetes
Clinical use of Pencillin
Gram + orgs and syphilis.
Prototype beta-lactam ABX
types of Penicillin
Pen G = IV form
Pen V = oral form
MOA of Penicillin
1) binds penicillin-binding proteins
2) blocks transpeptidase cross-linking of peptidoglycan
3) activate autolytic enzymes
Drugs that block cell wall synthesis by inhibition of peptidoglycan cross-linking
Penicillin Methicillin Ampicillin Piperacillin Cephalosporins Aztreonam Imipenem
MOA ticarcillin, carbenicillin, piperacillin?
Same as penicillin
Extended spectrum
Penicillinase sensitive
Use w/ clavulinic acid
Resistance of ampicillin and amoxicillin?
Beta-lactamase cleaves beta-lactam ring
Amoxicillin vs ampicillin bioavailability?
AmOxicillin has greater Oral bioavailability.
Toxicity of ampicillin and amoxicillin?
Hypersensitivity rxns
Pseudo membranous colitis
Ampicillin- rash
MOA of ampicillin and amoxicillin?
Same as penicillin
Wider spectrum
Penicillinase sensitive
Combo w/ clavulinic acid to protect against beta lactamase
*AMP up with Penicillin
What are ampicillin and amoxicillin used to treat?
Haemophilus influenza E. coli Listeria monocytogenes Proteus mirabilis Salmonella Shigella enterococci
*HELPSS kill enterococci
Toxicity of methicillin, naficillin, dicloxacillin?
Hypersensitivity rxns
Methicillin- interstitial nephritis
MOA of methicillin, naficillin, dicloxacillin?
Penicillinase-resistant penicillins
(Bc bulkier R group)
Same MOA as penicillin
Narrow spectrum
What are methicillin, naficillin, and dicloxacillin used for?
Staph. aureus
(except MRSA bc altered PBP target site)
*use naf for staph
Penicillin toxicity?
Hypersensitivity Rxn
Hemolytic anemia
Penicillin resistance?
Beta- lactamase
(Cleaved beta-lactam ring)
Not penicillinase resistant
Toxicity of Aztreonam?
nontoxic
GI upset
no cross-sensitivity with Pen or Ceph
Clinical use of Aztreonam?
Gram - rods only
no activity against Gram + orgs or anaerobes
use if pen allergy or renal insufficiency and cannot tolerate aminoglycosides
MOA of Aztreonam?
Monobactam resistant to beta-lactamase.
Inhibits cell wall synthesis (binds PBP)
Synergistic with aminoglycosides
No cross-allergenicity with penicillin
Cephalosporin toxicity?
Hypersensitivity rxns
Vit K deficiency
Nephroxicity inc w/ aminoglycoside
Disulfiram-like Rxn with ETOH
Cross-hypersensitivity with penicillins
Organisms NOT covered by cephalosporins?
Listeria
Atypicals (chlamydia, mycoplasma)
MRSA
Enterococci
*LAME
Clinical use of 4th gen cephalosporins?
Cefepime
Inc activity against pseudomonas and gram + orgs
Clinical use of 3rd gen cephalosporins?
Ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, ceftazidime
Serious gram - infxn a resistant to other beta lactams
Ceftriaxone = meningitis & gonorrhea Ceftazidime = pseudomonas
Clinical use of 2nd generation cephalosporins?
Cefoxitin, Cefaclor, cefuroxime Gram + cocci H. flu Enterobacter Neisseria Proteus E. coli Klebsiella Serratia
*2nd gen: HEN PEcKS
Clinical use of 1st generation cephalosporins?
Cefazolin & Cephalexin Gram + cocci Proteus mirabilis E. coli Klebsiella pneumo
*1st gen PEcKS
MOA of cephalosporins?
Inhibit cell wall synthesis (beta-lactams) but less susceptible to penicillinases.
Bacteriocidal
Beta-lactams
Use of beta-lactamase inhibitors?
Added to penicillin abx to protect abx from destruction by beta-lactamase (aka: penicillinase)
Beta-lactamase inhibitors?
Clavulinic Acid
Sulbactam
Tazobactam
*CAST off beta-lactamase
Toxicity of Ticarcillin, carbenicillin, piperacillin?
Hypersensitivity Rxn
Clinical use of Ticarcillin, carbenicillin, piperacillin?
Pseudomonas
Gram - rods
*TCP = Takes Care of Pseudomonas
Drugs that generally block peptidoglycan synthesis?
Bacitracin
Vancomycin
Resistance of Vancomycin?
amino acid change (D-ala D-ala to D-ala D-lac)
*Pay back 2 Dalas (dollars) for VANdalizing”
Toxicity of Vancomycin?
Nephrotoxicity Ototoxicity Thrombophlebitis Diffuse flushing-- 'Red Man Syndrome' (prevent RMS w/ antihistamines & slow infusion)
*NOT many problems
Clinical use of Vancomycin?
Gram + only
serious, multidrug reistant orgs (S. aureus, enterococci and c. diff)
MOA Vancomycin?
inhibits cell wall mucopeptide formation by binding D-ala D-ala portion of cell wall precursors.
Bactericidal
Toxicity of Impipenem?
GI distress
skin rash
CNS toxicity (Seizures) at high plasma levels
S/E’s limit use to life-threatening infxns
Meropnenm = reduced risk of seizures bc stable to dihydropeptidase I
Clinical Use of Imipenem?
Gram + cocci
Gram - rods
anaerbobes
wide-spectrum
Why is imipenem always administered with cilastatin?
cilastatin inhibits renal dehydropeptidase I
decreases inactivation of drug in renal tubules
*the kill is LASTIN’ with CiLASTATIN
MOA of Imipenem?
broad-spectrum beta-lactamase resistant carbapenem.
Resistance of sulfonamides?
Altered enzyme (dihydropteroate synthetase) dec uptake or inc PABA synthesis
Toxicity of sulfonamides?
Hypersensitivity rxns
hemolysis if G6PD deficiency
Nephrotoxicity (tubulointerstitial nephritis)
Photosensitivity
Kernicterus in infants
displaces other drugs from albumin (warfarin)
clinical use of sulfonamides?
Gram + Gram - Nocardia Chlamydia simple UTI
MOA Of Sulfonamides?
PABA antimetabolites inhibit dihydropteroate synthetase
Bacteriostatic
Toxicity of trimethoprim?
megaloblastic anemia
leukopenia
granulocytopenia
(may alleviate with supplement of folinic acid)
*TMP = Treats Marrow Poorly
Clinical use of trimethoprim?
combo with SMX to treat: UTI's shigella salmonella pneumocystis jiroveci pneumo.
Combo with trimethoprim?
in combo with sulfonamides (TMP-SMX)
causes sequential block of folate synthesis
MOA Of trimethoprim?
inhibits bacterial dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR)
bacteriostatic
Which drugs block nucelotide synthesis?
Trimethoprim
Sulfonamides
Toxicity of Metronidazole?
disulfiram-like rxn with EtOH
Headache
metallic taste
Clinical Use of Metronidazole?
Giardia
Entamoeba
Trichomonas
Gardnerella vaginalis
Anaerobes (bacteriodes & C. diff) ABOVE the diaphragm
H. Pylori (with bismuth & amoxicillin or tetracycline for triple therapy)
*GET GAP on the Metro
MOA of Metronidazole?
Forms free radical toxic metabolites in bacterial cell that damages DNA.
bactericidal & anti-protozoal
Which drug damages DNA?
Metronidazole
4 R’s of Rifampin?
RNA polymerase inhibition
Revs up microsomal P450
Red/Orange body fluids
Rapid resistance if used alone
Toxicity of Rifampin?
Minor hepatotoxicity and drug interactions
Inc p450
orange body fluids
Clinical use of Rifampin?
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
delays resistance to dapsone when used for leprosy.
Meningococcal prophylaxid and chemoprophylaxis with H. flu contact (kids)
MOA of Rifampin?
Inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase
Which drug class blocks mRNA synthesis?
Rifampin
Fluoroquinolones resistance?
chromosome- encoded mutation in DNA gyrase
Fluoroquinolones contraindication?
pregnancy & children
due to cartilage damage
Toxicity of Fluoroquninolones?
GI upset superinfections skin rashes headache dizziness tendonitis & tendon rupture (adults) leg cramps & myalgias (kids)
*FluoroquinoLONES hurt attachments to your BONES
Clinical use of fluoroquinolones?
Gram - rods of UT and GI tracts
Neisseria, Pseudomonas, some Gram +
MOA Of Fluoroquinolones?
Inhibits DNA gyrase (Topoisomerase II)
Bacteriocidal
Which drugs are included as Fluoroquinolones?
Ciprofloxacin
Norfloxacin
Levofloxacin
Nalidixic Acid
Which drug blocks DNA topoisomerase?
Fluoroquinolones
DOC meningococcal infxn?
Ciprofloxacin
Rifampin and minocycline are secondary drugs
DOC gonorrhea?
Ceftriazone
DOC syphilis?
Pen G (benzathine)
DOC hx recurrent UTI?
TMP-SMX
DOC endocarditis w/ surgical or dental procedures?
Penicillins
HIV prophylaxis against PCP pneumo (CD4<200)?
TMP-SMX
HIV prophylaxis against PCP pneumo & toxoplasmosis (CD4<100)?
TMP-SMX
Aerosolized pentamide if intolerant to TMP-SMX, but won’t prevent toxoplasmosis
HIV prophylaxis against MAI (CD4<50)?
Azithromycin
DOC tx MRSA?
Vancomycin
DOC tx Vanc-resistant?
Linezolid
Streptogramins (quinupristin or dalfopristin)
Outpatient community-acquired pneumo?
Macrolides
Tx inpatient community-acquired pneumo?
Fluoroquinolones
Tx ICU community-acquired pneumo?
Beta-lactam
PLUS
Fluoroquinolone or azithromycin
DOC meningococcal infxn?
Ciprofloxacin
Rifampin and minocycline are secondary drugs
DOC gonorrhea?
Ceftriazone
DOC syphilis?
Pen G (benzathine)
DOC hx recurrent UTI?
TMP-SMX
DOC endocarditis w/ surgical or dental procedures?
Penicillins
HIV prophylaxis against PCP pneumo (CD4<200)?
TMP-SMX
HIV prophylaxis against PCP pneumo & toxoplasmosis (CD4<100)?
TMP-SMX
Aerosolized pentamide if intolerant to TMP-SMX, but won’t prevent toxoplasmosis
HIV prophylaxis against MAI (CD4<50)?
Azithromycin
DOC tx MRSA?
Vancomycin
DOC tx Vanc-resistant?
Linezolid
Streptogramins (quinupristin or dalfopristin)
Outpatient community-acquired pneumo?
Macrolides
Tx inpatient community-acquired pneumo?
Fluoroquinolones
Tx ICU community-acquired pneumo?
Beta-lactam
PLUS
Fluoroquinolone or azithromycin
DOC meningococcal infxn?
Ciprofloxacin
Rifampin and minocycline are secondary drugs
DOC gonorrhea?
Ceftriazone
DOC syphilis?
Pen G (benzathine)
DOC hx recurrent UTI?
TMP-SMX
DOC endocarditis w/ surgical or dental procedures?
Penicillins
HIV prophylaxis against PCP pneumo (CD4<200)?
TMP-SMX
HIV prophylaxis against PCP pneumo & toxoplasmosis (CD4<100)?
TMP-SMX
Aerosolized pentamide if intolerant to TMP-SMX, but won’t prevent toxoplasmosis
HIV prophylaxis against MAI (CD4<50)?
Azithromycin
DOC tx MRSA?
Vancomycin
DOC tx Vanc-resistant?
Linezolid
Streptogramins (quinupristin or dalfopristin)
Outpatient community-acquired pneumo?
Macrolides
Tx inpatient community-acquired pneumo?
Fluoroquinolones
Tx ICU community-acquired pneumo?
Beta-lactam
PLUS
Fluoroquinolone or azithromycin