Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

YR3 Therapeutics > Antibiotics > Flashcards

Antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

Examples of commonly used penicillins

A

Amoxocillin

Co-Amoxiclav

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Mechanism of action of penicillins

A

Prevent cross bridging between peptidoglycan cell walls
Weakens cell wall > swelling, lysis then death of bacteria
Beta lactic ring provides antimicrobial properties
Side chains are modifiable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Spectrum of activity of amoxocillin

A

Broad spectrum gram -ve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Spectrum of activity of co-amoxiclav

A

Broad spectrum, gram -ve + beta lactase organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Indications for use of pencillin

A
  1. Emprical in pneumonia
  2. Empirical in UTI (trimethoprim and nitrofur. are alts.)
  3. As combo therapy in H. pylori associated PUD
  4. Co-amox: HAIs and abdominal sepsis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Contraindications of use of penicillins

A
  1. allergy
  2. reduce dose in renal impairment
  3. CDIFF risk
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Side effects of penicillin

A
  1. CDIFF
  2. Alelrgic reaction
  3. GI disturbances
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Interactions of penicillins

A
  1. MTX (may cause toxicity in body)

2. Enhance the effect of warfarin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Examples of first generation cephalosporins

A

Cephradine

Cefalexin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Examples of third generation cephalosporins

A

Cefotaxime

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Mechanism of action of cephalosporins

A

Same as penicillin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Spectrum of activity of cephalosporins

A

Broad spectrum
Gram negative bacteria
Naturally more resistant to beta lactamases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Indications for use of cephalosporins

A
  1. PO: 2nd/3rd line treatment of UTI or RTI

2. IV: very severe or complicated infections or resistant organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Contraindications for use of cephalosporins

A
  1. allergy
  2. CDIFF risk
  3. reduce dose in renal impairment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which condition should carbapenems be carefully prescribed in

A

Epilepsy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Side effects of cephs and carbs

A
  1. CDIFF
  2. Allergic reaction i.e. nausea to hypersensitivity
  3. CNS toxicity (carbs) esp. in renal impairment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Interactions of cephs and carbs

A

Increase activity of warfarin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Mechanism of action of trimethoprim

A

Inhibits folate synthesis in bacterial cells so slows bacterial cell growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Spectrum of activity of trimethoprim

A

Gram + and -

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Which antibiotic is trimethoprim used with to make it bactericidal

A

Sulfonamide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Indications for the use of trimethoprim

A
  1. First line UTI

2. Prevent and treat pneumocystis pneumonia in immunocompromised

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Contraindications to trimethoprim

A
  1. do not give in trim 1 of preg
  2. folate deficient patients - take care
  3. renal impaired - reduce dose
  4. neonates, old and HIV people most susceptible to SEs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Side effects of trimethoprim

A
  1. GI upset
  2. Hypersensitivity reactions (uncommon)
  3. Haematological disorders (uncommon)
  4. hyperkalaemia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Interactions of trimethoprim

A
  1. if used with potassium elevating drugs - hyperkalaemia
  2. if used with folate antagonists/drugs that increase folate metabolism - haematological disorders
  3. Enhance the effect of warfarin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Mechanism of action of nitrofurantoin
Metabolised by bacterial cells. Active metabolite damages DNA and kills cell
26
Spectrum of activity of nitrofurantoin
Gram +/- bacteria common to urinary tract infections | Does not work against klebsiella and proteus spp
27
Indications for use of nitrofurantoin
Uncomplicated UTI as 1st line treatment
28
Contraindications of nitrofurantoin
1. Pregnancy 2. Neonates 3. Renal impariment
29
Side effects of nitrofurantoin
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea Chronic pulmonary reactions Peripheral neuropathy Haemolytic anaemia in neonates
30
How do tetracyclines work?
They prevent the polypeptide chain from growing at the ribosome
31
Indications for use of tetracyclines
1. Acne 2. LRTI: COPD exacerbation, Pneumonia 3. Chlamydia
32
Contraindications of tetracylines
1. Pregnancy 2. Breastfeeding 3. Child<12 4. Renal impairment
33
Side effects of tetracyclines
General abx side effects: nausea, nom, diarrhoea | Specific: oesophagus irritation, photosensitivity, discolouration of teeth in children
34
Interactions of tetracycline
1. Increase effect of warfarin | 2. Do not give within 2 hours of calcium, antacids or ion
35
Gentamicin is an example of what class of aBX
Aminoglycoside
36
How do aminoglycosides work?
Bind to the 30s subunit and inhibit protein synthesis. | Bactericidal
37
Spectrum of activity of aminoglycosides
``` Gram neg aerobic bacteria: Mycobacteria Pseudomonas E. coli many more ```
38
Which organisms have innate resistance to ahminoglycosides?
Streptococci | Anaerobic bacteria
39
Indications for use of aminoglycosides
1. Severe sepsis 2. Complicated UTI or pylenephritis 3. Endocarditis
40
Which drugs should ahminoglycosides be combined with if the causative organism is unknown?
Penicillin or metronidazole
41
Contraindications to the use of aminoglycosides
1. Renal impairment (take care) | 2. Neonates and elderly (can but should be monitored)
42
Side effects of aminoglycosides
Nephro/Ototoxicity
43
Interactions and aminoglycosides
Ototoxicity risk higher when taken with loop diuretics or vancomycin Nephrotoxocity risk higher when taken with vancomycin, cyclosporine or cephalosporins
44
Examples of macrolides
Erythromycin Clarithromycin Azithromycin
45
How do macrilides work
Bind to the 50s subunit and block elongation of the polypeptide chain
46
Spectrum of activity of erythromycin
Gram +ve and some gram -ve
47
Spectrum of activity of clarithromycin and azithromycin
Increased activity against gram negative + positive inc H. influenza
48
Indication for use of a macrolide
1. severe pneumonia with a penicillin 2. Resp and soft tissue infections] 2. Eradication of H. pylori with PPU + amoxicillin or metronidazole
49
Contraindications for use of a macrolide
1. Severe hepatic impairment 2. Renal impairment 3. Allergy
50
Side effects of macroldies
Nausea and vomiting Abdominal pain DIarrhoea Prolongs QT interval
51
floxacin suffix indicates which drug type?
Quinolones
52
Mechanism of action of quinolones
Inhibit DNA synthesis
53
Which common quinolone have activity against both positive and negative bacteria
Moxifloxacin | Levofloxacin
54
Indications for use of quinolones
Reserved as 2/3 line treatment 1. UTI 2. Moxi/Levofloxacin: LRTI 3. Severe GI infection 4. Ciprofloxacin: Pseudomnonas
55
CI of quinolones
Use in caution in people with: Risk of seizure Prolonged QT Those who are growing
56
Side effects of quinolone
General and side effect: GI disturbance | Specific: neurological (lowers seizure threshold), muscle tendon rupture, prolong QT interval, promote C.Diff
57
Interactions and quinolones
1. Ciprofloxacin is a Cytp450 inhibitor 2. Used with NSAIDs may increase risk of seizure 3. Used with prednisone increases risk of tendon rutpure
58
Example of an aerobic abx
Metranidazole
59
MoA of metranidazole
Passive diffusion into bacterial cell Converted to free radical Causes DNA damage and degradation and cell death
60
Spectrum of activity of metranidazole
Anaerobic bacteria and protozoa
61
Indications for use of metranidazole
1. Abx associated colitis 2. Dental abscesses 3. Aspiration pneumonia 4. Protozoal infection 5. surgical infections caused by anaerobes
62
CI of metranidazole
Do not take with alcohol | Reduce dose in hepatic impaired
63
Side effects of metrandizaole
``` GI upset Hypersensitivity Optic and peripheral neuropathy Seizures Encephalopathy ```
64
Interactions of metrandizaole
Can act as inhibitor of Cytop450 enzymes: - reduce metabolism of warfarin = bleeding - reduce metabolism of phenytoin = toxicity
65
Example of a glycopeptide
Vancomycin
66
Mechanism of action of glycopeptides
Inhibit synthesis of the bacterial cell wall
67
Spectrum of activity of glycopeptides
Gram positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria
68
Indications for use of glycopeptides
1. Endocarditis | 2. Antibiotic associated colitis caused by C.Diff
69
CI of glycopeptides
Careful monitoring required | Reduce dose in renal impairment/elderly
70
Side effects of glypoeptides
Thrombophlebitis Red man syndrome if infused rapidly Nephrotoxicity / Ototoxicity if given IV Blood disorders if given IV
71
Interactions and glycopeptide
Increased risk of oto/nephrotoxicity if given with loop diuretics, ciclosporin and aminoglycosides

YR3 Therapeutics (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions