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Antimicrobial Chemotherapy > Antibiotics > Flashcards

Antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

Benzyl penicillin (penicillin G)

A

Original naturally occurring penicillin
Beta lactam - disrupts peptidoglycan synthesis (PBPs)
Largely acts against Gram(+) bacteria
Many Gram(-) bacteria are resistant due to presence of impermeable outer layer
Best choice for IV treatment of pneumococcal, meningococcal and S. pyogenes infection

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2
Q

Amoxicillin and ampicillin

A

Beta lactam penicillin
Better oral absorption
Better Gram(-) activity
Covers streptococci, enterococci and some coliforms

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3
Q

Co-amoxiclav

A

Beta lactam penicillin
Amoxicillin + clvulanic acid = beta lactamse inhibitor
Extended spectrum
Covers beta lactamase producing coliforms

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4
Q

Fluocloxacillin

A

Beta lactam penicillin

First choice of treatment in staphylococcal infection

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5
Q

Piperacillin

A 
Beta lactam penicillin
Extended gram negative coverage
Anti-anaerobic activity
Active against E. faecalis
Only one active against Pseudomonas spp
Used in combination with tazobactam = beta lactamse inh
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6
Q

Imipenem, meropenem

A

Carbapenems = beta lactam penicillin subgroup
Widest spectrum of all
Cover anaerobes
Active against most bacteria

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7
Q

Cephalosporins

A

Divided into generations based on order of appearance
Activity against Gram(-) increases with generations
Activity against Gram(+) decreases with generations
Encourage C. difficile infection

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8
Q

Cephradine

A

First generation cephalosporin

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9
Q

Cefuroxime

A

Second generation cephalosporin

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10
Q

Ceftriaxone

A

Third generation cephalosporin

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11
Q

Ceftazidine

A

Third generation cephalosporin

Only one with activity against Pseudomonas spp

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12
Q

Glycopeptides

A

Inhibit cell wall synthesis
Act at a stage prior to beta lactams
Unable to penetrate Gram(-) cell walls
Only active against Gram(+) bacteria
Active against both aerobes and anaerobes
Parenteral use only (not absorbed from GI tract)

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13
Q

Vancomycin

A

Glycopeptide
Ototoxic, nephrotoxic, skin rash
Requires slow infusion and monitoring

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14
Q

Teicoplanin

A

Glycopeptide
Less toxic
Single daily dosing

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15
Q

Aminoglycosides

A 
Inhibitors of protein synthesis
Primarily used in Gram(-) infections (coliforms, pseudomonas)
Active against staphylococci
Inactive against streptococci
Parenteral use only
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16
Q

Gentamicin

A

Aminoglycoside
Ototoxic, nephrotoxic
Requires careful dosing and monitoring

17
Q

Macrolides

A

Inhibitors of protein synthesis
Newer ones have lower MICs
Mainly active against Gram(+) bacteria
Good alternatives to penicillins in patients with penicillin hypersensitivity
Effective against organisms causing atypical pneumonias e.g. C. psittacci, C. burnetti and M. pneumoniae
First choice therapy in Legionella pneumophila
S. aureus, S. pyogenes and S. pneumonia are resistant

18
Q

Clarithromycin

A

Macrolide

19
Q

Erythromycin

A

Macrolide

20
Q

Azithromycin

A

Newer macrolide

Single dose treatment of Chlamydia

21
Q

Tetracyclins

A

Inhibitors of protein synthesis
Few limited applications in genital tract infections with chlamidya and respiratory tract infections with C. psittacci and M. pneumoniae
Not indicated for pregnant women
Not indicated in children under 12 - deposited in teeth and bone

22
Q

Oxazolidinones

A

Inhibitors of protein synthesis

23
Q

Linezolid

A

Oxazolidinone
Active against MRSA
Can be given orally
Can cause BM suppression

24
Q

Cyclic lipopetides

A

Inhibitors of protein synthesis

25
Q

Daptomycin

A

Cyclic lipopetides
Active against Gram(+) bacteria only
Active against MRSA

26
Q

Trimethoprim

A

Inhibitor of nucleic acid synthesis (purine)

Alone used in UTIs

27
Q

Co-trimoxazole

A

Inhibitor of nucleic acid synthesis (purine)
Combination of trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole
Treatment of chest infections
Less likely to cause C. difficile infection

28
Q

Fluoroquinolones

A

Inhibitors of DNA synthesis
Both oral and parenteral use
Mostly effective against Gram(-) bacteria
Cannot be used in children due to interference with cartilage growth

29
Q

Ciprofloxacin

A

Newer generation quionolone
Only oral treatment for Pseudomonas spp
Activity against staphylococci acceptable
Activity against steptococci poor

30
Q

Levofloxacin

A

Newer quinolone

Active against pneumococci

31
Q

Nalidixic acid

A

First generation quinolone
Urinary antiseptic - only used in UTIs
Only active against gram negative aerobe coliforms

32
Q

Metronidazole

A

Antibiotic of choice for anaerobic infections

33
Q

Fusidic acid

A

Only indicated against staphylococci
Usually in combination with flucloxacillin
DIffuses well into bone and tissue - staphylococcal osteomyelitis and pneumonia

34
Q

Clindamycin

A 
Lincosamide antibiotic
Active against Gram(+) bacteria
Active against anaerobes
Good tissue penetration
Oral administration
Causes pseudo-membranous colitis
35
Q

Nitrofurantoin

A

Urinary antiseptic used in UTIs

Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (7 decks)

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