Antibiotics

Question 0

What colour are gram stains for bacteria?

Answer 0

Gram negative - pink

Gram positive - purple

Question 1

How can bacteria be classified?

Answer 1

Gram negative/Gram positive

Aerobic/anaerobic

Question 2

What mechanisms do antibiotics work on?

Answer 2

Bacteriocidal

• kill bacteria
• destroy cell wall

Bacteriostatic

• stop cell replication
• inhibit protein and nuclei acid synthesis

Question 3

What makes up the cell membranes of bacteria?

Answer 3

Gram positive :

• Peptidoglycan
• Cytoplasmic membrane

Gram negative:

• Outer membrane
• Cytoplasmic membrane

Question 4

Give some examples of bacteriocidal antibiotics.

Answer 4

• penicillins cephalosporins
• bacitracin vancomycin
• polymyxins tyrothricin

Question 6

Give some examples of bacteriostatic antibiotics.

Answer 6

Gyrase inhibitors
Nitroimidazoles
Quinolones
Rifampin
Tetracycline
Aminoglycosides
Chloramphenicol
Erythromycin
Clindamycn

Question 6

What should be considered when giving antibiotics?

Answer 6

• allergies
• renal/hepatic function
• know the patient
• resistance to infection
• severity of illness
• ethnicity
• tolerance of oral dosage
• pregnant/breast feeding
• local bugs
• local-multi drug resistance
• obtain mc&s when possible

Question 7

How are antibiotics classified?

Answer 7

• Inhibit Cell Wall Synthesis
  e. g. penicillin
• Inhibition of Protein Synthesis
  e. g. macrolides
• Inhibition of Nuclei Acid Synthesis
  e. g. Quinolones

Question 8

Define loading dose in antibiotics.

Answer 8

Giving a high first dose the tailoring down the dose in order to hit the microbe hard.

Question 9

How does penicillin work?

Answer 9

Inhibits …

Question 10

Give some examples of beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations.

Answer 10

Augmentin - amoxicillin & clavulanic acid

Zosyn…

Question 11

Define drug resistance.

Answer 11

Induced antibiotic resistance in an

originally sensitive bacteria

Question 12

What factors promote MDR? (Multi drug resistance)

Answer 12

Patient transfer - internal & external (notes, bedding)

Open nursing - cross contamination of neighbouring patient

Non-compliance to hygiene protocols

Question 13

Give some examples of cephalosporins.

Answer 13

Cephradine
Cefuroxime
Ceftazidime

Question 14

Give examples of resistant microbes.

Answer 14

MRSA
VRE
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Clostridium difficile
Escherichia Coli

Question 16

Give some examples of macrolides.

Answer 16

Clarythramycin
Erythromycin
Azithromycin

Question 16

Define teratogenic.

Answer 16

Cause deformities in foetuses

Question 17

Give some examples of tetracycline

Answer 17

Oxytetracycline
Doxycycline
Minocycline

Question 18

What drugs would you take levels in?

Answer 18

Gentamicin

Vancomycin

Question 19

Why is it important to consider the adverse effects of antibiotics?

Answer 19

If there is an incomplete course of antibiotics due to patients not tolerating medication, drug resistance can occur.

Question 20

What are general side effects of antibiotics?

Answer 20

• diarrhoea
• reduced absorption of nutrients
• anaemia due to abnormal absorption of vit B12

Question 21

What are the nursing responsibilities when administering anti biopics?

Answer 21

• check allergies
• observe for allergenic response following 2-3 dose
• observe patient for anaphylaxis
• ensure patient flol owns full course

Question 23

What are the consequences of taking antacids and laxatives with antibiotics?

Answer 23

Antacids and laxatives tend to bind with abx in GI tract, thus reducing drug absorption.

Question 24

Give some examples of aminoglycasides.

Answer 24

Gentamycin
Neomycin
Amikacin
Streptomycin
Tobramycin

Question 25

What should be monitored when managing antbiotics?

Answer 25

Renal & liver function should be monitored