Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharmacology > Antibiotics > Flashcards

Antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

what are some of the advantages of oral administration

A

decreases costless resources, IV, pumps etcpatient preferredreduced phlebitisincreased pt mobilityearlier discharge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the MOA for Beta-Lactams

A

Bind to pencillin binding proteins and inhibit cell wall synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what makes up the class of beta-lactams

A

penicillins, Cephalosporins, beta-lactamase inhibitors, aztreonam

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are natural penicillins used for

A

treat pharyngitis, erysipelas and syphillis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the Jarisch -Herxheimer rxn

A

with treatment of spirochetal inf.reaction due to release of large amount of toxin after bacterial killingFever, Chills, Myalgia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the 1st Gen cephalosproins

A

Cephalexin-oralCefazolin-IV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the 2nd Gen cephalosproins

A

Cefuroxime-oralCefoxitin-IV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the 3rd Gen cephalosproins

A

CefpodoximeCeftriaxone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the 4th Gen cephalosproins

A

CefepimeCeftaroline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What makes cephalosporin activity better

A

they are less susceptible to beta-lactamases giving them broader spectrum of action compared to penicillins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the spectrum of activity for 1st Gen Cephalosporin

A

SPEcKStaph,Strep(+)Proteus, E. Coli, Klebsiella(-)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the spectrum of 2nd gen Cephalosproin

A

HMSPEcKStaph, Strep(+)Harmophilus, Morazell Catarrhalis, Proteus, E coli, Kleb (-)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are 1st gen ceph used for

A

UTI, Pharyngitis, mild skin or soft tissue, and upper and lower respiratory tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does 2nd gen ceph used for

A

sinusitis, pharyngitis, otitis media, lower respiratory tract inf,Cefuroxime- lyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what does 3rd gen cover

A

Strep pneumo (+)Enterobacteriacease, H. influenzae, M. cararhalis (-)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are 3rd gen ceph used for

A

CAP, OM, URI, Meningitis, Neutropenia,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what do 4 gen ceph cover

A

Strep and Staph(+)Enterobacreriaxease, H. influ, M catarhalis, Psudomonas aerug,Bacterocides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what has the highest incidence of GI effects

A

cefixime

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what has the lowest incidence of diarrhea

A

cefprozil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what has the highest incidence of rash

A

cefaclor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the benefit of probenicid with cephalosporins

A

increases concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are rates of allergic reactions like with chepalosporin

A

low about 1%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

which generation of chepalosporin have higher risk of reaction

A

1st gen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is a mono bactam an what is their MOA

A

Aztreonambind to penicillin binding protein and inhibit cell wall synthesis which causes cell death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what selectivity does Aztreonam have?what type of infections is it good for?What does it need dose adjustment for?what is the cross sensitivity like for it?what are the adverse effects like?

A

only monobactam in USgram (-) coverage including pseudomonas, does not cover anaerobic or gram (+)Good for resistant infections b/c it is resistant to many beta lactamases produced by gram (-) bacteriadecreased renal functionlow incidence of adverse effects-diarrhea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What drugs are part of the carbapems

A

Imipenem/ CilastatinMeropenemDoripenemErtapenem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is the MOA for carbapenems

A

bind to penicillin binding protein and inhibit cell wall synthesis which leads to cell death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What bacteria are carbapenems good for

A

resistant to most beta-lactamases and the drug of choice for infection caused by ESBL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What do carbapenems cover

A

Staph, Strep, Listeria (+)Gram (-)anaerobes Pseudomonas except ertapenem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what are clinical uses of carbapenems

A

UTI, lower respiratory infections, intra-abdominal and gynecological infections, skin, soft tissue, bone, and joint inf

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what are the adverse effects of carbapenems

A

N/V, seizures-highest with imipenem with pts that have renal failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what drugs are part of the glycopeptide antibiotics

A

Vancomycin, Telavancin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what is the MOA of glycopeptide antibiotics

A

prevents cross linking of the cell wall peptidoglycan during cell wall synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What does Vancomycin cover

A

gram (+) only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what type of infections does Vancomycin cover

A

MRSA infection- sepsis, endocarditis, meningitis, skin and soft tissue infectionsUSED to treat C. Diff only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is the dosing regimen for Vancomycin

A

dosing is variable based on body weight and renal function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what level should vancomycin be above to prevent resistance

A

10-20mcg/ml

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what are the adverse Rxn of vancomycin

A

ototoxicity, nephrotoxicit, and injection site rxn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what increases the risk of nephrotoxicity

A

when administered with other nephrotoxic drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What drug causes red man syndrome

A

Vancomycininfusion related reaction that is caused by the release of histamine.may cause erythematous or urticarial reactions, flushing tachycardia, hypotension

41
Q

how do you manage red man syndrome?

A

stop infusion, wait for it to subside, then slow the infusion rate down no faster than 1gm/hr can also administer benadryl prior to infusion

42
Q

what is the black box warning with Telavancin

A

warning in pre pregnancy which may cause abnormal fetal development. Perform pregnancy test in women of child bearing age

43
Q

what type of infections are Telavacin used for

A

complicated skin and soft tissue infections. investigated for nosocomial pneumonianeeds to be dose adjust for renal function

44
Q

what are the ADRS for Telavacin

A

Red man syndrome, infuse over 60min, nephrotoxicity, GI upset, metallic taste

45
Q

What spectrum of activity does Daptomycin have

A

similar to vancomycin but it also covers vancomycin resistant enterococci vancomycin resistant s. aureus (VRSA)

46
Q

What conditions is daptomycin used to treat

A

skin/soft tissue, bacteremia, endocarditis

47
Q

what are adverse effects of daptomycin

A

injection site reaction, fever, chills, diarrhea, N/Vmuscle cramps/ weaknessmust monitor CPK and discontinue drug if muscle pain and elevation of CPK>5x ULN

48
Q

What is Fosfomycin used to treat

A

oral formulation covers Gam (+),(-)used for UTI in women

49
Q

what is bacitracin used for

A

used topically only very nephrotoxic

50
Q

what is cycloserin used forwhat are its ADR?

A

covers gram (+), (-)mainly used to treat TBH/A, Tremors, acute psychosis

51
Q

what is the MOA for tetracyclines

A

binds to the 30s ribosomal subunit which prevents binding of the tRNA to the mRNA ribosome complex which interferes with protein synthesis

52
Q

what is the spectrum of activity for tetracycline?

A

S. pnemo, S. pyogenes, community acquired Staph (CA-MRSA)gram (-) ecoli, klebsiella, H influenzaeAtypical: C. pneumonae, M. neumoniae, legionella, C trachmatic, lyme

53
Q

what are the clinical uses for tetracyclines

A

Respiratory infections, MRSA, CA-MRSAanthrax, chlamydia, lyme

54
Q

what are adverse effects of tetracycline

A

GI intolerancePhotosensitivityTooth discoloration and abnormal bone growth (do not use in second half of pregnancy or kids younger than 8Vestibular tox.

55
Q

What are the special considerations of tetracyclines

A

administration must be separated from food containing aluminum, magnesium, Calcium, and iron by 12 hoursFood: Minocycline: with or without foodTetracycline: empty stomachDoxycycline: with food due to GI intolerance

56
Q

What does tigecycline cover

A

gram (+),(-) and anaerobes

57
Q

what is the clinical uses of Tigecycline

A

used in complicated skin and skin structure inf. and complicated abdominal inf.CAPMRSAMRSEVREpenicillin resistant strep pneumo

58
Q

what is the MOA for macrolides

A

bind to 50S ribosomal subunit, inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis

59
Q

what drugs belong to macrolide class

A

FidaxomicinAzithromycinClarithromycinErythromycin

60
Q

What is the spectrum of activity of Azithro, Clarithromycin, Erythromycin

A

Strep (+)H. inf, N gonnorrhoeae (-)Atypical: Myco, Legionella, Chlamydia

61
Q

what is the spectrum of activity of Fidaxomicin

A

C. Diff

62
Q

What are the common uses for Erythromycin, Calthromycin, Azithromycin

A

alternate for PCN allergyCAPPahryngitisOMAzithro- Urethritis

63
Q

what are the ADR for macrolies Erythromycin, Azithro, Clarithromycin

A

N/VAbdominal paindiarrhearenal failureQT prolongation

64
Q

what are the ADR for fidaxomicin

A

GI hemorrhageN/Vabdominal painAnemia neutropenia

65
Q

What are the food interactions

A

Azithro and Erythro take one hour before or 2 hour after a meal

66
Q

What are the drug interactions for Eryhtromycin and clarithromycin

A

inhibit CYP 450 enzyme

67
Q

what are the drug interactions for azithro

A

may increase cyclosproine and digoxin levels

68
Q

what is the MOA for clindaymycin

A

binds to 50s ribosome subunit and inhibits protein synthesis

69
Q

what is the spectrum of activity for clindamycin

A

Stap. aureus, MSSA, CA-MRSA, Strep. ssp, peptostreptococusananerobes, C diff, prevotella, fusobacterium

70
Q

what are the clinical uses for clindamycin

A

skin and soft tissue inf, CA-MRSA, anaerobes, aspiration PNA, dental prophylaxis in PCN pts

71
Q

what are the adverse effects of Clindamycine

A

GI: diarrhea, nausea, dyspnearashHigh incidence of C diffheptao toxback pain

72
Q

how should clindamycin be administered

A

with food to decrease GI upset and water to decrease esophageal ulceration

73
Q

what is the spectrum of activity for linezolid

A

gram (+) onlyworks on staph(methacillin susceptible and resistant)works on staph(vancomycin intermed and resistant)Enterococcus faecium

74
Q

what are the common uses for linezolid

A

MRSA, Vancomycin resistant E. faecium skin inf and soft tissuebone/ joint infbacteremia

75
Q

what are some of the special considerations of linezolid

A

good pulm penetrationexhibits weak reversible inhibition of monoamine oxidaseoral form is 100% bioavailablepreferable in PVL and CA-MRSA

76
Q

what drugs are part of the aminoglycosides

A

GentamicinTobreamycinAmikacinStreptomycinneomycinkenamycin

77
Q

what is the MOA of aminoglycosides

A

inhibits 30s ribosomal subunit

78
Q

what is the spectrum of activity of Gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin

A

staph aureus, strep, enteroccmostly aerobic gram (-) bacilli

79
Q

what is the clinical uses of gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin

A

rarely used alone with gram (+) organisms, PNA, meningitisUsed with vancomycin or PCN for endocarditis

80
Q

what are the ADR for aminoglycosides

A

ototoxicity, nephrotoxocity only occur when used longer than 5 days

81
Q

what are the benefits of extended interval dosing

A

probable reduced nephrotoxicitydecreased lab monitoringno risk of sub-therapeutic peak leveldecreased pharmacy time for prepeasier for home care

82
Q

what is the MOA of sulfonamides

A

competitive antagonist of para-aminobenzoic acid which prevents formation of folic acid

83
Q

what is the spectrum of activity for sulfonamides

A

staph, s. pneumo, bacillus anthrasis, clostridium tetaniecoli, proteus mirabillis, H. influenzachlamydia trachomatis

84
Q

what are the common uses of sulfonamides

A

UTI, toxoplasmosis1st line for MRSAURIHIV PNACA-MRSA

85
Q

what are adverse reactions with sulfonamides

A

photosensitiviyrashSJSblood dyscrasiassulfa allergies

86
Q

what drugs make up the fluroquinolones

A

CiprofloxacinOlfoxacinNorfloaxinLevofloxacinMoxifloxacin

87
Q

what is the MOA of fluroquinolones

A

inhibit bacterial topoisomerase II

88
Q

what is the spectrum of activity of cipro, ofloxacin, norfloxacin

A

enterobacteriacase, H. influ, M. catarrhalis, Neisseria,

89
Q

what are the common uses of norfloxacin

A

uncomplicated UTI

90
Q

what is cipro and ofloxacin

A

complicated UTI, gasteroenteritis, prostatits, STD, skin infCipro for anthrax prep

91
Q

what is the spec of coverage withlevo, moxifloxacin, gatifloxacin

A

strep pneumo,enterobacteriacaseH.influenzaeM. catarrhalisNeisseria,

92
Q

what is the clinical use of levofloxacin, moxifloxacin

A

CAP,URI infections

93
Q

what are the adverse reactions of fluroquinolones

A

N/VDiarrhea,constipationtendon rupturephotosensitivityprolonged QT

94
Q

what does metronidazole cover

A

protozaanaerobes bacteroidesFusobacteriumVeillonellaC. Diffpeptococcuspeptostreptococcus

95
Q

what are the uses of metronidazole

A

intra abdominal infectionGyn infpseudomembraneous colitisC. diffH pylori

96
Q

what are the adverse effects of metronidazole

A

dry mouth, metallic tasteanorexia abdominal painCNS

97
Q

what is nitrofurantoin used to treat

A

UTI

98
Q

what is nitrofurantoin spectrum of activity

A

e coli klebsiellastaphstrepViridiansenterococcus

99
Q

what are some special considerations with nitrofurantoin

A

CrCl lass than 60mlHepatotoxicity and pulmonary toxicity probenecid may increase serum concentration

Pharmacology (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions