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Antimicrobials > Antibiotics 2 > Flashcards

Antibiotics 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Name all 4 B-Lactam compounds

A
  1. Penicillins
  2. Cephalosporins
  3. Monobactams
  4. Carbapenems
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2
Q

B-Lactam products are bacteriostatic or bactericidal?

A

Bactericidal

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3
Q

Penicillin G, Penicillin V, and Amoxicillin…which are natural and which are synthetic? What is special about methicillin?

A

Penicillin G and V are natural. Amoxicillin is synthetic.

Methicillin is B-lactamase resistant

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4
Q

How to B-lactams work?

A

Bind to and inhibit the Penicllin-Binding-Proteins (PBPs)…they play an important role in synthesis and maintenance of bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan

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5
Q

Key adverse effect of B-lactams?

A

Hypersensitivity…perhaps anaphylaxis.

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6
Q

What is expected if a patient has an allergic reaction to penicillin or B-lactam antibiotic?

A

If a patient has a severe reaction to penicillin, expect there to be a cross-reaction to other B-lactam antibiotics such as cephalosporins, monobactams, and carbapenems

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7
Q

Which 3 drugs are very-narrow spectrum and B-lactamase resistant

A

Methicillin
Nafcillin
Oxacillin

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8
Q

Which two drugs are narrow spectrum and B-lactamase sensitive?

A

Penicllin G

Penicillin V

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9
Q

Which two drugs are broad spectrum and B-lactamase sensitive?

A

Ampicillin

Amoxicillin

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10
Q

Which three drugs are extended spectrum and B-lactamase sensitive?

Piper had a tick in her ass

A

Piperacillin
Ticarcillin
Azlocillin

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11
Q

What drug is a B-lactamase inhibitor and is typically given with B-lactams?

A

Clavulanic acid

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12
Q

What is amoxicillin and calvulanic acid combination?

A

Augmentin

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13
Q

When are cephalosporins typically given?

What are cephalosporin resistance to B-lactamases compared to penicillins?

A

a. Agent used frequently if penicillins are not well tolerated.
b. In general, these agents are more resistant to β-lactamase as compared to penicillins.

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14
Q

MOA of cephalosporins?

A

Bind and inhibit the PBPs

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15
Q

Key adverse effect with cephalorsporins?

A

Hypersensitivity

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16
Q

1st generation cephalosporins (2)
B-Lactamase sensitivity
CNS penetration

A

Cefazolin
Cephalexin
B-lactamase sensitive
Do NOT enter CNS

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17
Q

2nd generation cephalosporins (3)
B-Lactamase sensitivity
CNS penetration

A 
Cefotetan
Cefaclor
Cefuroxime
B-lactamase sensitive
Some enter CNS...not cefuroxime
18
Q

3rd generation cephalosporins (4)
B-Lactamase sensitivity
CNS penetration

A 
Ceftriaxone
Cefotaxime
Cefdinir
Cefixime
B-lactamase sensitive
Most enter CNS
19
Q

4th generation cephalosporins (1)
B-Lactamase sensitivity
CNS penetration

A

Cefepime
B-lactamase RESISTANT
ENTER CNS

20
Q

Cephalosporins broaden out from gram positive

A

All handle gram positives.
1st generation only does gram positives
4th generation has the broadest spectrum of gram positive and gram negative bacteria

21
Q

Monobactam compound

A

Aztreonam

22
Q

Spectrum of activity for Aztreonam
CNS penetration
Treats
B-lactamase sensitivity

A

Limited to gram negative rods
Penetrates CNS well
Treats very serious infections (pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis)
B-lactamase resistant

23
Q

MOA of Aztreonam

A

Binds and inhibits PBP

24
Q

Spectrum of activity of Aztreonam is limited to doing battle with

A

Gram negative rods only

25
Q

Name 4 carbapenem compounds

Me and Dora Explored IMDB

A
  1. Doripenem
  2. Imipenem
  3. Ertapenem
  4. Meropenem
26
Q

Spectrum of activity for carbapenems

A

Broad…covers gram negative and gram positive

27
Q

Bacterial resistance to carbapenems

A

Due to bacteria expressing ‘carbamenemase’. Not sensitive to B-lacatamse

28
Q

Which carbapenem is inactivated by the kidney? How to combat this?

A

Imipenem is inactivated by the kidney and is co-administered with CILASTATIN

29
Q

Primary use of carbapenems

A

Penetrate tissues and CSF so used for EMPIRIC treatment of LIFE-THREATENING infections

30
Q

MOA of carbapenems

A

Bind and inhibit PBP

31
Q

Key adverse effect of carbapenems

A

GI disturbances: N/V/D

32
Q

Name the only glycopeptide antibiotic

A

Vancomycin

33
Q

Spectrum of activity of vancomycin

Used to combat which infections (3)

A
  1. Activity against GRAM POSITIVE bacteria and SOME gram negative bacteria
  2. Entercocci, MRSA, and C. Diff
34
Q

MOA of vancomycin

A

Prevents elongation of the peptidoglycan cell wall structure by BINDING TO THE D-ALA-D-ALA PENTAPEPTIDE AND ACTING AS A STERIC INHIBITOR
*Masks the substrate like a boss

35
Q

Key adverse effect of vancomycin

A

FLUSHING (RED MAN SYNDROME)

36
Q

Name the only polypeptide cell wall inhibitor

A

Bacitracin

37
Q

Spectrum of activity of Bacitracin

A

GRAM NEGATIVE and GRAM POSITIVE bacteria

38
Q

Bacitracin use

A

Restricted to topical and ophthalmic ointments…it makes nice, moist, ointments

39
Q

MOA of Bacitracin

A

Blocks INCORPORATION OF AMINO ACIDS AND NUCLEIC ACIDS into the cell wall
*Has nothing to do with PBPs

40
Q

Name the only phosphoenolpyruvate cell wall inhibitors

A

Fosfomycin

41
Q

Spectrum of activity of fosfomycin

A

Broad spectrum of activity against GRAM + AND GRAM _

42
Q

MOA of fosfomycin

A

BLOCKS EARLY STEP in cell wall synthesis by preventing synthesis of UDP-N-acetylmuramic acid
*May or may not be important but fosfomycin is the only one that does anything even remotely close to that

Antimicrobials (5 decks)

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