Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharmacology II > Antibiotics #2 > Flashcards

Antibiotics #2 Flashcards

1
Q

Antibiotics within the same structural class will generally show _______ pattern of effectiveness, ______ and _____-potential side effects.

A

similar, toxicity, allergic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Name the drug classes that are inhibitors of cell wall biosynthesis.

A

Beta-lactam penicillins:
➢ Cephalosporins
➢ Carbapebems
➢ Monobactam

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Name the drugs that are inhibitors of protein synthesis.

A

➢ Aminoglycosides
➢ Tetracyclines
➢ Phenicol Group
➢ Macrolides
➢ Lincosamides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Cephalosporins are employed for ?

A

antibiotic prophylaxis
First alternative to penicillins (penicillin-intolerant patients)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the MOA of Cephalosporins?

A

inhibition of cell wall synthesis: via binding PBPs and interfering
with peptidoglycan synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the route of Cephalosporins?

A

most given parenterally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Why is there resistance to Cephalosporin?

A

Due to bacterial β-lactamase production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the adverse effects of Cephalosporin?

A

Rare. Cephalosporins are considered to be among the safest antimicrobials in use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

MRSA infections are __________-resistant Staphylococcus _________ infection (superbug).
Potentially dangerous type, can cause ______ in human

A

methicillin, Aureus, sepsis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

MRSA infections are not common in ____ and ____.
What are these species more likely to be infected with?

A

dogs, cats
Dogs are more likely to be affected by a different bacterial strain called methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus
Pseudintermedius or MRSP. These infections usually infect dogs through skin
wounds, surgical sites and ears

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Why are we concerned about MRSA?

A

MRSA is emerging concern in Vet Med. The true scope of MRSA in animals and its
impact on human health are still only superficially understood, but it is clear that MRSA
is a potentially important veterinary and public health concern that requires a great
deal more study to enhance understanding and effective response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q
  1. What are the therapeutic uses of:
    Cephalexin
    Cephalothin
  2. Used in what species?
A

Employed for antibiotic prophylaxis. Treat penicillin-intolerant patient
All species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q
  1. What are the therapeutic uses of:
    Ceftiofur
  2. Used in what species?
A
  1. respiratory disease
    cattle mastitis
    UTI and soft tissue infections
  2. Cattle, horses, sheep, pigs, dogs, cats
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of:
Cefoperazone
2. Used in what species?

A
  1. soft tissue infections
    Gram (-) bacteremia
  2. Dogs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of:
Cefotaxime
2. Used in what species?

A
  1. Gram (-) sepsis
    soft tissue infections
    meningitis, CNS infectio
  2. Dogs, cats, horses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of:
Cefpodoxime
2. Used in what species?

A
  1. skin infections
  2. Dogs, cats
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of:
Cefixime
2. Used in what species?

A
  1. UTI, respiratory infections
    Bacterial endocarditi
  2. Dogs, cats; bact = just dogs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the function of Carbapenems?

A

Bind to penicillin binding proteins (PBPs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

List the Carbapenems and their broad spectrum of action.

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of Carbapenems?

A

Very serious infections such as
peritonitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the route of administration of Carbapenems?

A

IV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Resistance to Carbapenems is due to?

A

β-lactamases (carbapenemases) can cleave all types of β-lactams

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the adverse effects of Carbapenems?

A

▪ Anorexia, vomiting , diarrhea
▪ CNS toxicity (seizures, tremors)
▪ Pruritis, fever
▪ Anaphylaxis (rare)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

List the Monobactams and their broad spectrum of action.

A

Bind to penicillin binding proteins (PBPs)
Aztreonem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the route of administration of Monbactams?

A

parenterally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Resistance to Monobactams?

A

it is stable to most β-lactamase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the adverse effects of Monobactams?

A

Hypersensitivity reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

List the inhibitors of protein biosynthesis.

A

Aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, phenicol group, macrolides, lincosamides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the MOA of inhibitors of biosynthesis?

A

Targeting 2 different ribosomal subunits.
Prokaryotic = 16S?
Eukaryotic = 17S?
Bacterium = 70S (different calc here which is why it ids 80 total, but it is correct)
30S subunit —> Impairing proofreading ability, blocking association with rRNA
50S subunit —> blocking peptide bond formation bet. Amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

List the drug class that targets 30 S ribosomal subunit

A

Aminoglycosides
Tetracyclines

36
Q

List the drugs that target 30S ribosomal subunits

A

Streptomycin
Doxycycline

37
Q

List the drug classes that target the 50S ribosomal subunit

A

Chloramphenicol
Macrolides
Lincosamides

38
Q

List the drugs that target the 50S ribosomal subunit

A

Chloramphenicol
Lincomycin
Erythromycin

39
Q

List the aminoglycosides that target the 30S ribosomal subunit

A

Aminoglycosides (bactericidal)
Streptomycin Gentamicin Neomycin Kanamycin Plazomicin

40
Q

List the tetracyclines that target the 30S ribosomal subunit

A

Tetracycline
Doxycycline

41
Q

List the Chloramphenicols that target the 50S ribosomal subunit

A

Chloramphenicol (bacteriostatic) ❑ Florfenicol (bactericidal)

42
Q

List the Macrolides that target the 50S ribosomal subunit.

A

Macrolides (bacteriostatic)
Erythromycin Azithromycin Tylosin

43
Q

List the Lincosamides that target the 50S ribosomal subunit

A

Lincosamides (bacteriostatic)
Lincomycin Clindamycin Pirlimycin

44
Q

What is the function of aminoglycosides?

A

Aminoglycosides (bactericidal)

Irreversibly bind to the 30S ribosome and inhibit the rate of protein synthesis and the fidelity of mRNA translation resulting in the synthesis of abnormal proteins

45
Q

What is the function of tetracyclines?

A

Tetracyclines (bacteriostatic)
Reversibly bind to 30S ribosome and prevent the attachment of tRNA to the mRNA-complex resulting in blocking
of the growing peptide chain

46
Q

What is the therapeutic uses of Streptomycin?
What species is it used in?
Is it Gram - or Gram +?
Is it an aerobe or anaerobe?

A

The oldest member, it’s use is declined
All species
Gram -
Aerobe

47
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of Gentamicin, Amikacin?
Is it Gram - or Gram +?
Write q from before4

A

Expanded spectrum: Gram (+) Control of infections of the uterus skin, respiratory, UTI, ear, eye, septicemia

Horses, dogs, cats

48
Q

Neomycin

A

Enteric infections (orally)
skin, ear and eye infections (topical)
Pigs, sheep, dogs, cats

49
Q

Kanamycin

A

Bacterial enteritis (orally) symptomatic relief of the diarrhea
Dogs

50
Q

Plazomicin

A

Next generation, without nephrotoxic and ototoxic side effects

51
Q

Aminoglycosides
▪ Their uptake by bacteria includes an Oxygen-linked energy dependent step
▪ Highly polar, poorly lipid soluble
▪ Poorly absorbed from the GI tract

A
52
Q

What is the route of administration of Aminoglycosides?

A

IM or SC for systemic infections, dose-dependent effects Oral for enteric infections

53
Q

How are Aminoglycosides distributed?

A

To the extracellular and transcellular fluids. Minimum into the CNS. accumulation in the renal cortex and otic endolymph

54
Q

Resistance to Aminoglycosides is due to?

A

Due to inactivation of various bacterial enzymes (Amikacin and Plazomicin are unaffected)

55
Q

What are the adverse effects of Aminoglycosides?

A

Relatively more toxic than other classes
▪ Nephrotoxic
▪ Ototoxic
▪ Neurotoxic (neuromuscular blockade) (rare)

56
Q

Tetracycline
Chlortetracycline

A

Local and systemic bacterial, chlamydial, rickettsial,
and protozoal infections

Cows, sheep, horses, pigs

57
Q

Oxytetracycline

A

Feed additive/growth promoters

Cattle, pigs

58
Q

Doxycycline and Minocycline are used to treat?

A
  1. Respiratory infections and UTI
  2. Abscesses that do not respond to β-lactams

Dogs, cats = 1
Cats = 2

59
Q

Tetracycline

A

Contracted tendons in foals
Horses

60
Q

What is the route of administration of Tetracyclines?

A

Orally or every IV 8-12 hours

61
Q

Doxycycline and minocycline are lipophilic and thus penetrate CNS, eye and prostate. (from PK section but she read this twice

A
62
Q

Resistance of tetracyclines due to?

A

Due to decreased drug uptake or active transport of the tetracycline out of the bacteria cell.
Emphasized this

63
Q

What are the adverse effects of tetracyclines?

A

▪ Nephrotoxic
▪ Discoloration of developing teeth
▪ GI suprainfections of fungi, yeast, or resistant bacteria
▪ Photosensitivity and hepatotoxicity (rare)

64
Q

What is the function of Chloramphenicol (bacteriostatic)

A

Binds to the 50S ribosome and inhibit peptide bond formation and protein synthesis

65
Q

What is the function of Macrolides?

A

Bacteriostatic
Bind to the 50S ribosome to prevent translocation of amino acids to the growing peptide chain and inhibit protein synthesis

66
Q

What is the function of Lincosamides?

A

(bacteriostatic)
Bind to the 50S ribosome to prevent translocation of amino acids to the growing peptide chain and inhibit protein synthesis

67
Q

What is the difference in structure between Chloramphenicole and Florfeincol?

A

See image from lecture
1 Hydrogen difference

68
Q

What is the difference in function between Chloramphenicol and Florfenicol?

A

Bacteriostatic, bacteriocidal respectively

69
Q

What is the difference in therapeutic uses between Chloramphenicol and Florfenicol?

A

Local and systemic infections
Resp infection, foot rot

70
Q

What is the difference in animal use in Chloramphenicol and Florfenicol?

A

Dogs, cats, horses, birds
Cattle, pigs = resp infections, foot rot = cattle

71
Q

What is the difference in PK in Chloramphenicol and Florfenicol?

A
  1. Absorbed from the GI, distributed
    to all tissues including CNS and eye Hepatic metabolism
  2. Absorbed rapidly from IM in cattle. Distributed to all tissues including CNS. Hepatic metabolism (1/3), urine excretion
72
Q

What is the difference in the adverse effects of Chloramphenicol and Florfenicol?

A

Aplastic anemia
NO aplastic anemia

73
Q

True or False: It is ILLEGAL to use chloramphenicol in food-producing animals

A

True

74
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of Erythromycin?
What animals is this drug used on?
Gram +?
See slide

A

This is an alternative to penicillin

Enteritis pneumonia

Dogs, cats, horses; horses

75
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of Azithromycin?
What animals is this drug used on?

A

St aphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Mycoplasma infections pneumonia
Dogs, cats, horses, foals

76
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of Tylosin?
What animals is this used on?

A

Local and systemic infections caused by Mycoplasma and Gram (+) bacteria
Chronic colitis/IBD and respiratory issues

Dogs, cats

77
Q

What is the route of administration of Macrolides?

A

Orally, Im

78
Q

Where are Macrolides distributed to?

A

Distribution to all tissue except the CNS

79
Q

Resistance to Macrolides occurs due to?

A

D ue to decreased binding to the 50S ribosome. Less frequently enzymatic inactivation

80
Q

What are the adverse effects of Macrolides?

A

R elatively few side effects
▪ GI: abdominal pain, diarrhea
▪ Severe diarrhea in adult horses

81
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of Lincomycin?
What animals is this used in?

A

Dysentery
Staphylococcal, streptococcal, and mycoplasma infections
Pigs

82
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of Clindamycin ?
What species is this used in?

A

Periodontal disease, osteomyelitis, dermatitis, and deep soft tissue infections caused by Gram (+) bacteria
Dogs, cats

83
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of Pirimycin?
What animals is it used in?

A

Bo vine mastitis
Cattle

84
Q

What is the route of admin of Lincosamides?

A

Drinking water, IM, intramammary infusion

85
Q

Resistance to Lincosamides occurs due to?

A

Due e to altered binding by bacterial ribosome. Cross-resistance between Lincosamides and Marcolides is common

86
Q

What are the adverse effects of Lincosamides?

A

▪ Rare in dogs, cats, cattle and swine
▪ Severe, often fatal diarrhea due to altered GI flora in horses, rabbits, hamsters, and guinea pigs

Pharmacology II (27 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions