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Pharmacology II > Anti-Fungal Anti-Viral > Flashcards

Anti-Fungal Anti-Viral Flashcards

1
Q

What are fungi?

A

Fungus(plural:fungiorfunguses) is any member of the group ofeukaryoticorganisms that includes microorganisms such asyeastsandmolds, as well as the more familiarmushrooms. These organisms are classified as akingdomseparately from the other eukaryotic kingdoms

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2
Q

Why is it difficult to develop anti-fungal drugs?

A

Important reason for difficulties in developing antifungal drugs is that fungi
contain few drug targets that are absent in mammalian cells.

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3
Q

Most of the antifungal drugs used in Vet med target ?

A

Most of the antifungal drugs used in Vet med target ergosterol, an
essential component of the fungal cell membrane

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4
Q

Yeast is a?

A

Is a single cell microorganism that is part of the fungus family

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5
Q

How many types of yeast exist?

A

There are at least 1.500 recognizes varieties of yeast

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6
Q

What is specifically used for baking?

A

Saccharomyces Cerevisiae is specifically used for baking and production of alcoholic drinks

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7
Q

What forms of yeast are available?

A

Available as dried fast action version or fresh compressed

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8
Q

How does yeast leaven bread?

A

Yeast is used for the leavening of bread, giving rise to the bread , It is a fermentation process. Uses the sugars and oxygen in dough to produce more yeast cells and carbon dioxide gas. Available as dried fast action version or fresh compressed in any supermarket. During the baking process, the yeast dies.

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9
Q
A

Candida Albicans

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10
Q
A

Candida Auris

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11
Q
A
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12
Q
A

Malassezia Pachydermatis

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13
Q
A

Fungus Cryptococcus

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14
Q
A
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15
Q

Where is yeast normally found?

A

This yeast (malass) is normally found on the skin, but its abnormal overgrowth can cause dermatitis, or inflammation of the skin. Extremely common yeat infection in dogs. . Specifically in dogs with other problems such as allergy, hormonal problems, immunosuppressant state etc

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16
Q

The yeast Candida Albicans, Malassezia Pachydermatis cause what diseases in dogs and cats?

A

See below

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17
Q

The yeast Candida Albicans cause what diseases in horses?

A

See below

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18
Q

The yeast Candida Albicans, Cryptococcus cause what diseases in cattle?

A

See below.

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19
Q

The yeast Candida Albicans cause what diseases in pigs?

A

See below.

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20
Q

The exterior of each yeast cell consists of?

A

A distinct wall and a plasma membrane with a space (the periplasm) in between the two. The cell wall is a dynamic organelle that determines the cell shape and integrity of the organism during growth and cell division.

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21
Q

The yeast vacuole has a defined set of resident proteins, a distinctive ionic milieu, and a characteristic membrane lipid composition, all of which combine to provide its “compartment identity”. For many years, research focused primarily on specific protein content responsible for major vacuolar functions such as proteolysis or transport..

A
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22
Q

Selectivity of the drugs is based on their
greater affinity for ________ than for ________ in the animal cell membrane

A

ergosterol, cholesterol

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23
Q

Chitin is a ______-chain polymer of an amide derivative of ______. It is a component of cell _____ in fungi. Ergosterol (ergosta-5,7,22-trien-3β-ol) is a sterol found in cell ________ of fungi and protozoa, serving many of the same functions that ________ serves in animal cells. Because many fungi and protozoa cannot survive without ergosterol, the enzymes that synthesize it have become important ______ for drug discovery.

A

long, glucose, walls, membranes, cholesterol, targets

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24
Q

Which antifungal drugs target membrane function?

A

Amphotericin B
Nystatin
Natamycin

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25
Q

Which antifungal drugs target cell wall synthesis?

A

Caspofungin (humans)

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26
Q

Which antifungal drugs target ergosterol synthesis?

A

Azoles:
Ketoconazile
Itraconazole
Fluconazole
Terbinafine

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27
Q

Which antifungal drugs target nuclear division?

A

Griseofulvin

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28
Q

Which antifungal drugs target nucleic acid synthesis?

A

5-fluorocytosine

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29
Q

What is the MOA of the following drugs: Amphotericin B
Nystatin
Natamycin

A

Bind to ergosterol on the cell membranes of fungi, forms transmembrane
channels leading to alterations of cell permeability, resulting in cell death

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30
Q

What is the MOA of the following drugs: Azoles:
Ketoconazile
Itraconazole
Fluconazole
Terbinafine

A

Block the synthesis of ergosterol via inhibition of fungal cytochrome P-450 -dependent enzyme lanosterol
Inhibits squalene epoxidase, an enzyme essential for the conversion of squalene to lanosterol

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31
Q

What is the MOA of the following drugs:
Griseofulvin

A

Inhibits fungal cell mitosis (microtubule formation) and
nucleic acid synthesis

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32
Q

What is the MOA of the following drugs:
Flucytosine

A

Inhibits RNA synthesis in the fungal cell. Enters cell via enzyme that is lacking in
mammalian cells. Once inside the cell, flucytosine is converted to 5-fluorouracil

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33
Q

What is the MOA of the following drugs:
Caspofungin

A

Inhibits the enzyme, which is essential for the integrity of the fungal cell wall (human)

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34
Q

What is the function, therapeutic uses, adverse effects, and animals affected for the following drugs?

Nystatin
Natamycin

A

See below

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35
Q

What is the function, therapeutic uses, adverse effects, and animals affected for the following drugs?

Ketoconazole
Fluconazole
Itraconazole

A

See below

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36
Q

What is the function, therapeutic uses, adverse effects, and animals affected for the following drugs?

Amphotericin B

A

See below

37
Q

What is the function, therapeutic uses, adverse effects, and animals affected for the following drugs?

Terbinafine

A

See below

38
Q

What is the function, therapeutic uses, adverse effects, and animals affected for the following drugs?

Griseofulvin

A

see below

39
Q

What is the function, therapeutic uses, adverse effects, and animals affected for the following drugs?

Flucytosine

A

See below

40
Q

How long should renal function be monitored for patients taking Amphotericin B?

A

Renal function must be monitored weekly for blood urea nitrogen during long term therapy.

41
Q

Griseofulvin: distribution to keratin precursor cells

A
42
Q

Virus is an infective agent that typically consists of DNA or RNA enclosed inside a protein coat called capsid. Virus is able to multiply only within the living cells of a host using host metabolic machinery.

A
43
Q

Describe the life cycle of a virus.

A

Entry: virus must entry the host cell to utilize its machinery
by interacting with special surface receptors

Replication: virus enters the nucleus and replicates

Shedding: after a virus made many copies of itself, it is released
from the “expired” host cell to invade another host cells

44
Q

What do antiviral drugs target?

A
45
Q

What is Neuraminidase?

A

Neuraminidase is an enzyme that enable the virus to be released from the host cell ( . cleave sialic acid groups from glycoproteins).

46
Q

What is the M2 channel protein?

A

M2 channel protein is an essential component of the viral envelope.

47
Q

What are the Mechanisms of Action of Antiviral Drugs?

A

targeting viral functions – reproduction. Also they can target cellular functions that virus needs. Drugs work at any of these stages.

48
Q

List the anti-herpes viral agents?

A

Acyclovir
Famciclovir
Idoxuridine

49
Q

List the antiretroviral agents?

A

Zidovudine

50
Q

List the anti-influenza agents?

A

Oseltamivir
Amantadine

51
Q

Omega Interferons are?

A

Antiviral agents

52
Q

How are antiviral drugs classified?

A

Antiviral drugs can be classified according to their chemical nature (e.g., small-molecules, peptides, biologics) or mechanisms of drug actions against specific viral proteins (e.g., polymerase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, glycoprotein inhibitors).

53
Q

Unlike most antibiotics, antiviral drugs do not?

A

destroy their target pathogen, instead they inhibit its development

54
Q

List the Nucleoside Analogs

A
55
Q

List the Matrix-2 (M2) channel blocks

A

Amantadine

56
Q

List the Neuraminidase inhibitors?

A

Oseltamivir

57
Q

List the Interferons that act as a antiviral drugs

A

Omega (ω) interferon

58
Q

What is the MOA of Acyclovir?

A

inhibit viral DNA polymerase

59
Q

What is the MOA of Famciclovir?

A

inhibit viral DNA polymerase

60
Q

What is the MOA of Idoxuridine?

A

Prevents viral protein translation
from RNA transcripts

61
Q

What is the MOA of Matrix-2 (M2) channel blockers?

A

Amantadine binds to M2 protein and blocks its ion channel activity: inhibition of viral uncoating and subsequent replication

62
Q

What is the MOA of Oseltamivir?

A

Oseltamivir inhibits viral neuraminidase interacting with virus particles aggregation and release

63
Q

What is the MOA of Omega interferon?

A

Omega (ω) interferon: not a direct attack on the virus but immune response to protect

64
Q

What is the function of Nucleoside Analogs?

A

Nucleoside Analogs work like chain terminators of the viral DNAs. They inhibit DNA polymerase, resulting in the inhibition of DNA replication and cell death.

65
Q

Amantadine, chronic pain, Parkinson’s, opioid tolerance (human) NMDA is one sub-type of glutamate receptor important in neurophysiology. IT blocks NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptors.
Interferons are cytrokines produced by host cells when they are attacked by viruses. Cat omega interferon, recombinant.

A
66
Q

What is the MOA of Antiviral drugs?

A
67
Q

What are the Problems Associated with Antiviral Drugs in Animals?

A

Differences in the biological behavior of the viruses between human host
and animal host

Development of antiviral agents specifically for use against animal viruses is a need

Available antiviral drugs are virustatic (latent viruses remain unaffected)

Host toxicity

Drug resistance

68
Q

Amantadine
Therapeutic uses?
Adverse Effects?
Animals?

A
69
Q

Acyclovir
Therapeutic uses?
Adverse Effects?
Animals?

A
70
Q

Famciclovir
Therapeutic uses?
Adverse Effects?
Animals?

A
71
Q

Zidovudine
Therapeutic uses?
Adverse Effects?
Animals?

A
72
Q

Iddoxuridine
Therapeutic uses?
Adverse Effects?
Animals?

A
73
Q

Oseltamivir
Therapeutic uses?
Adverse Effects?
Animals?

A
74
Q

Omega Interferon
Therapeutic uses?
Adverse Effects?
Animals?

A
75
Q
A

Coronavirus - crown-like shape

76
Q

The coronavirus (SARS-CoV) is a ____ strand RNA

A

single

77
Q

Spike (S) is transmembrane glycoprotein essential in viral entry (drug target)

A
78
Q

The viral entry is achieved via binding to the host receptor

A
79
Q

How does COVID-19 enter our body?

A

What receptor? Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) (drug target)

80
Q

N-protein, most abundant viral protein detected in human host after infection.
N-protein contributes to the activation of COX-2, thus
promoting inflammation in the lungs

A
81
Q

M-protein is critical for the viral life cycle

A
82
Q

Proteases function as
Special RNA-dependent RNA polymerase essential for viral replication

A
83
Q

ACE2 protein on the surface OF MANY CELLS. It can be membrane-bound in the intestines, gallbladder, testis, and heart or is a soluble form. It is an integral part of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. (blood pressure)It is an enzyme that cuts angiotensin II.

A
84
Q

ACE2 inhibitors? ACE2 are expressed in the respiratory and gastrointestinal epithelium. ACE2 is present in many cell types and tissues including the lungs, heart, blood vessels, kidneys, liver and gastrointestinal tract. It is present in epithelial cells, which line certain tissues and create protective barriers.

A
85
Q

What is the ideal host for COVID-19 virus?

A

Bats

86
Q

The study showed that there were many animal ACE2 enzymes that were potential receptors for both SARS-CoV-2 and its mutant. The highest receptor activity was in the human and rhesus monkey ACE2 enzyme, and the lowest in the rat and mouse enzyme. The other ten had intermediate activity. Four of the ten (canine, feline, pangolin, and rabbit) had virus bound to more than half of the receptors. The poorest use was by the bat and rat ACE2 at less than a fifth of the human enzyme. Concerning the others, they allowed viral entry at over half the rate of the human ACE2, while for the rabbit and pangolin (intermediate host), the ACE2 had higher efficiency than the human ACE2.
The gene expression study found that ACE2 was “highly expressed in skin, ear tips, lungs and retina of cats and in skin and retina of dogs”

A
87
Q

Pangolin is critically endangered, ant-eating mammal, they have long tong and no teeth. Chinese believe (not scientifically proofed) scales have medicinal value. Illegal. Keratin scales covering the skin. Pangolin coronavirus has high degree of similarity to human virus. 85 -93% similarity

A
88
Q

Why pangolins don’t get sick from coronavirus???? Why bats don’t get sick?

A

They have high interfefron levels and they have high body temperatureBats immune system yImmune system is great!!! Blood , increase lactation, increase potency

89
Q
A

Pharmacology II (27 decks)

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