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biology topic 6 microbiology and pathogens > antibiotics > Flashcards

antibiotics Flashcards

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1
Q

what are antibiotics

A

medicines that either destroy microorganisms or prevent them from reproducing

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2
Q

how do all antimicrobial drugs work

A

by selective toxicity

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3
Q

selective toxicity

A

antimicrobial drugs interfere with the metabolism or function of pathogen

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4
Q

first antibiotic

A

penicillin

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5
Q

why are antibiotics effective

A

they disrupt biochemistry of the bacterial cells

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6
Q

antimetabolics as antimicrobial action

A

interrupt metabolic pathways such as blocking nucleic acids synthesis causing death

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7
Q

example of antimetabolites

A

sulfonamides

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8
Q

protein synthesis inhibitors as antimicrobial action

A

prevent transcription and translation of microbial genes so protein production effected

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9
Q

examples of protein synthesis inhibitors

A

tetracyclines
-chloramphenicol

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10
Q

cell wall agents as antimicrobial agents

A

prevent formation of cross linking in cell walls so bacteria killed by lysis

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11
Q

examples of cell wall agents

A

beta- lactams eg penicilins

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12
Q

cell membrane agents as antimicrobial damage

A

damage cell membrane so metabolites leak out or water moves in killing bacteria

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13
Q

examples of cell membrane agents

A

some penicillins
-cephalosporins

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14
Q

DNA gyrase inhibitors as antimicrobial action

A

stop bacterial DNA coiling up so doesnt fit within bacterium

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15
Q

examples of DNA gyrase inhibitors

A

quinolone

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16
Q

examples of bacteriostatics

A

antimetabolites
-protein synthesis inhibitors

17
Q

name some bacteriostatic antibiotics

A

sulfonamides
-tetracyclines
-chloramphenicol

18
Q

example of bacteriacidals

A

cell wall agents
-cell membrane agents
-DNA gyrase inhibitors

19
Q

examples of bacteriostatics

A

penecilins
-cephalosporins
-quinolone

20
Q

effects of bacteriostatics

A

stop metabolic pathways like nucleic acid synthesis
-protein synthesis disruption

21
Q

effects of bacteriocidal

A

-prevent cross links
-damage cell membranes
-stop DNA coiling to fit in bacterium

22
Q

when are bacteriocidals given

A

when dangerous infection caught
-when patient immune system supressed such as transplant patients
-taking immunosupresent drugs

23
Q

broad spectrum antibiotic

A

destroys wide range of harmful bacteria pathogens and good bacteria

24
Q

narrow spectrum antibiotics

A

targets one of 2 specific pathogens

25
Q

factors for effectiveness of antimicrobials

A

concentration of drug in area of body infected
-affected by how easily drug can reach tissue and how quickly its excreted
local pH
whether pathogen or host tissue destroy pathogens
how pathogen reacts to antibiotic used

26
Q

how can you investigate the effect of different antibiotics on bacteria

A

-on agar plate inoculated bacterial culture
-filter paper discs with different antibiotics placed on agar covering to ensure oxygen not excluded
-control culture of microorganisms with known sensitivity to antibiotic grown same time under same conditions
-level of inhibition of bacterial growth gives measure of effectiveness of drugs

27
Q

how is an antibiotic only effective

A

if microorganism has binding site for drug and metabolic process or pathway antibiotic interferes with

28
Q

how are bacterias resistant

A

natural selection
-mutations help bacteria resist antibiotic effects
-mutations become more common and population become resistant to drug

29
Q

what can mutations also lead to

A

new biochemical pathways
-switch on or create gene for production of antibiotic destroying enzyme
-become more common

30
Q

what speeds up mutations of bacteria

A

wide spread use of antibiotics

31
Q

how does wide spread use of antibiotics increase resistance

A

as different antibiotics are used to tackle increasing resistance
-increases selection pressure for evolution of bacteria that are resistant to all of them

32
Q

MRSA methicillin resistant staphycoccus auerus

A

resistant to methicillin and cause death

33
Q

how to reduce antibiotic resistance

A

reduce selection pressure for resistance by using antibiotics sparingly
-complete course
-use few different ones as possible
-vary them and introduce new ones

34
Q

problem with new antibiotics use

A

being developed dropping fast
-bacteria get repeated exposure to same increases likelihood of resistance

35
Q

superbugs

A

in hospitals or care homes where people are ill or had surgery
-antibiotic use at its highest

36
Q

HCAI

A

healthcare associated infections

37
Q

examples of HCAI

A

MRSA and clostridium difficile

38
Q

effects of catching HCAIs

A

longer at hospital
-more money spent on patients
-suffering for people infected and family

39
Q
A

biology topic 6 microbiology and pathogens (5 decks)

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