Antibiotics Flashcards
Sulfanilamide
Sulfonamide
Competitive inhibition of dihydropteroate synthetase (DHPS) – folic acid
Hepatitis
Hypersensitivity reactions
Bone marrow depression
Acute renal failure
Cyanosis
Sulfamethoxazole
Sulfonamide
Competitive inhibition of dihydropteroate synthetase (DHPS) – folic acid
Hepatitis
Hypersensitivity reactions
Bone marrow depression
Acute renal failure
Cyanosis
Sulfasalazine
Sulfonamide
Used in RA
Competitive inhibition of dihydropteroate synthetase (DHPS) – folic acid
Hepatitis
Hypersensitivity reactions
Bone marrow depression
Acute renal failure
Cyanosis
Sulfadiazine
Sulfonamide
Competitive inhibition of dihydropteroate synthetase (DHPS) – folic acid
Hepatitis
Hypersensitivity reactions
Bone marrow depression
Acute renal failure
Cyanosis
Sulfadoxine
Sulfonamide
Anti-malarial drug
Competitive inhibition of dihydropteroate synthetase (DHPS) – folic acid
Hepatitis
Hypersensitivity reactions
Bone marrow depression
Acute renal failure
Cyanosis
Trimethoprim
Folic acid antagonist
Structurally resemble the pteridine moiety of folate, inhibiting dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR)
Folate deficiency
Megaloblastic anemia
Pyrimethamine
Folic acid antagonist
Structurally resemble the pteridine moiety of folate, inhibiting dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR)
Folate deficiency
Megaloblastic anemia
Penicillin G
Beta-lactamase sensitive
Poor oral availability
Gram-positive bacteria
Inhibits penicillin binding proteins that develop the peptidoglycan layer
Hypersensitivity reactions
Anaphylactic shock
Proconvulsant effect
Penicillin V
Beta-lactamase sensitive
Better oral availability
Gram-positive bacteria
Inhibits penicillin binding proteins that develop the peptidoglycan layer
Hypersensitivity reactions
Anaphylactic shock
Proconvulsant effect
Methicillin
Beta-lactamase resistant
Poor oral availability
Gram-positive bacteria
Inhibits penicillin binding proteins that develop the peptidoglycan layer
Hypersensitivity reactions
Anaphylactic shock
Proconvulsant effect
Oxacillin
Beta-lactamase resistant
Good oral availability
Gram-positive bacteria
Inhibits penicillin binding proteins that develop the peptidoglycan layer
Hypersensitivity reactions
Anaphylactic shock
Proconvulsant effect
Ampicillin
Beta-lactamase sensitive
Good oral availability
Gram-positive and negative bacteria
Inhibits penicillin binding proteins that develop the peptidoglycan layer
Hypersensitivity reactions
Anaphylactic shock
Proconvulsant effect
Amoxicillin
Beta-lactamase sensitive
Good oral availability
Gram-positive and negative bacteria
Inhibits penicillin binding proteins that develop the peptidoglycan layer
Hypersensitivity reactions
Anaphylactic shock
Proconvulsant effect
Carbenicillin
Beta-lactamase sensitive
Poor oral availability
Gram-positive and negative bacteria
Activity against P. aeruginosa, Klebsiella
Inhibits penicillin binding proteins that develop the peptidoglycan layer
Hypersensitivity reactions
Anaphylactic shock
Proconvulsant effect
Clavulanic acid
Beta-lactamase inhibitor
Combined treatment with amoxicillin
Sulbactam
Beta-lactamase inhibitor
Combined treatment with amoxicillin
Cephalexin
Cephalosporins (first gen)
Gram-positive
Irreversible inhibition of penicillin binding proteins
Nephrotoxicity
Drug-induced alcohol intolerance
Bone marrow depression
Contraindicated in those who experience anaphylaxis with penicillins
Cefazolin
Cephalosporins (first gen)
Gram-positive
Irreversible inhibition of penicillin binding proteins
Nephrotoxicity
Drug-induced alcohol intolerance
Bone marrow depression
Contraindicated in those who experience anaphylaxis with penicillins
Cefaclor
Cephalosporins (second gen)
Gram-positive, some gram-negative
Irreversible inhibition of penicillin binding proteins
Nephrotoxicity
Drug-induced alcohol intolerance
Bone marrow depression
Contraindicated in those who experience anaphylaxis with penicillins
Cefuroxime
Cephalosporins (second gen)
Gram-positive, some gram-negative
Irreversible inhibition of penicillin binding proteins
Nephrotoxicity
Drug-induced alcohol intolerance
Bone marrow depression
Contraindicated in those who experience anaphylaxis with penicillins
Cefotaxime
Cephalosporins (third gen)
Gram-negative, less gram-positive activity
Irreversible inhibition of penicillin binding proteins
Nephrotoxicity
Drug-induced alcohol intolerance
Bone marrow depression
Contraindicated in those who experience anaphylaxis with penicillins
Cefexim
Cephalosporins (third gen)
Gram-negative, less gram-positive activity
Irreversible inhibition of penicillin binding proteins
Nephrotoxicity
Drug-induced alcohol intolerance
Bone marrow depression
Contraindicated in those who experience anaphylaxis with penicillins
Cefepim
Cephalosporins (fourth gen)
Gram-positive, more gram-negative than previous gens
Irreversible inhibition of penicillin binding proteins
Nephrotoxicity
Drug-induced alcohol intolerance
Bone marrow depression
Contraindicated in those who experience anaphylaxis with penicillins
Ceftarolin
Cephalosporins (fifth gen)
Gram-positive, more gram-negative than previous gens
Irreversible inhibition of penicillin binding proteins
Nephrotoxicity
Drug-induced alcohol intolerance
Bone marrow depression
Contraindicated in those who experience anaphylaxis with penicillins
Imipenem
Carbapenem (Beta-lactam)
Broad spectrum activity
Bind differently to penicillin binding proteins
Neurotoxicity (seizures)
Meropenem
Carbapenem (Beta-lactam)
Broad spectrum activity
Bind differently to penicillin binding proteins
Neurotoxicity
Ertapenem
Carbapenem (Beta-lactam)
Broad spectrum activity
Bind differently to penicillin binding proteins
Neurotoxicity
Aztreonam
Monobactam (Beta-lactam)
Effective for gram-negative
Irreversible inhibitor of penicillin binding protein 3
No frequent side effects
Vancomycin
Last resort treatment of MRSA
Unstable (rarely oral)
Rare resistance formation
Attach to D-Ala-D-Ala and inhibit transglycosylase and transpeptidase to interrupt cell wall synthesis
Ototoxicity
Nephrotoxicity
Flushing (Redman syndrome)
Neutropenia
Teicoplanin
Unstable (rarely oral)
Rare resistance formation
Attach to D-Ala-D-Ala and inhibit transglycosylase and transpeptidase to interrupt cell wall synthesis
Ototoxicity
Nephrotoxicity
Flushing (Redman syndrome)
Neutropenia
Daptomycin
Unstable (rarely oral)
Rare resistance formation
Attach to D-Ala-D-Ala and inhibit transglycosylase and transpeptidase to interrupt cell wall synthesis
Ototoxicity
Nephrotoxicity
Flushing (Redman syndrome)
Neutropenia
Polymixin B
Gram-negative bacilli
Bind to phosphate group of cytoplasmic membrane and disrupts integrity
Not absorbed in the GI tract, can be used for gut sterilization and topical treatments
Neurotoxicity
Nephrotoxicity
Colistimethate
Aka Polymixin E
Gram-negative bacilli
Bind to phosphate group of cytoplasmic membrane and disrupts integrity
Not absorbed in the GI tract, can be used for gut sterilization and topical treatments
Neurotoxicity
Nephrotoxicity
Fosfomycin
Broad spectrum
Inactivates MurA and thereby inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis
Well tolerated
Usually used in multi-drug resistant E. coli
Oxytetracycline
Broad spectrum, also effective against protozoa
Reversibly bind to the 16S subunit of the 30S ribosomal subunit and inhibit translation
Staining of teeth and dental hypoplasia
Bone deformities
(Nephro)toxic upon expiration
Contraindicated in pregnancy, nursing, and children
Demeclocycline
Broad spectrum, also effective against protozoa
Reversibly bind to the 16S subunit of the 30S ribosomal subunit and inhibit translation
Staining of teeth and dental hypoplasia
Bone deformities
(Nephro)toxic upon expiration
Contraindicated in pregnancy, nursing, and children
Doxycycline
Broad spectrum, also effective against protozoa
Reversibly bind to the 16S subunit of the 30S ribosomal subunit and inhibit translation
Staining of teeth and dental hypoplasia
Bone deformities
(Nephro)toxic upon expiration
Contraindicated in pregnancy, nursing, and children
Minocycline
Treats meningitis due to CNS and CFS penetration
Broad spectrum, also effective against protozoa
Reversibly bind to the 16S subunit of the 30S ribosomal subunit and inhibit translation
Staining of teeth and dental hypoplasia
Bone deformities
(Nephro)toxic upon expiration
Contraindicated in pregnancy, nursing, and children
Tigecycline
Broad spectrum, also effective against protozoa
Reversibly bind to the 16S subunit of the 30S ribosomal subunit and inhibit translation
Staining of teeth and dental hypoplasia
Bone deformities
(Nephro)toxic upon expiration
Contraindicated in pregnancy, nursing, and children
Gentamicin
Aminoglycoside
More effective against gram-negative
Requires aerobic respiration
Irreversibly binds the 30S ribosomal subunit and inhibits protein synthesis by trapping ribosomes at the AUG
Ototoxicity
Nephrotoxicity
Paralysis via neuromuscular blockade (rare)
Streptomycin
Aminoglycoside
More effective against gram-negative
Requires aerobic respiration
Irreversibly binds the 30S ribosomal subunit and inhibits protein synthesis by trapping ribosomes at the AUG
Ototoxicity
Nephrotoxicity
Paralysis via neuromuscular blockade (rare)
Amikacin
Aminoglycoside
More effective against gram-negative
Requires aerobic respiration
Irreversibly binds the 30S ribosomal subunit and inhibits protein synthesis by trapping ribosomes at the AUG
Ototoxicity
Nephrotoxicity
Paralysis via neuromuscular blockade (rare)
Tobramycin
Aminoglycoside
More effective against gram-negative
Requires aerobic respiration
Irreversibly binds the 30S ribosomal subunit and inhibits protein synthesis by trapping ribosomes at the AUG
Ototoxicity
Nephrotoxicity
Paralysis via neuromuscular blockade (rare)
Neomycin
Aminoglycoside
More effective against gram-negative
Requires aerobic respiration
Irreversibly binds the 30S ribosomal subunit and inhibits protein synthesis by trapping ribosomes at the AUG
Ototoxicity
Nephrotoxicity
Paralysis via neuromuscular blockade (rare)
Erythromycin
Macrolide
Similar spectrum to penicillins
Bind the 23S rRNA molecule of the 50S ribosomal subunit and inhibit peptidyl transferase
Cholestatic jaundice (treatment > 2 weeks)
Clarithromycin
Macrolide
Similar spectrum to penicillins
Bind the 23S rRNA molecule of the 50S ribosomal subunit and inhibit peptidyl transferase
Cholestatic jaundice (treatment > 2 weeks)
Azithromycin
Macrolide
Similar spectrum to penicillins
Bind the 23S rRNA molecule of the 50S ribosomal subunit and inhibit peptidyl transferase
Cholestatic jaundice (treatment > 2 weeks)
Telithromycin
Macrolide
Similar spectrum to penicillins
Bind the 23S rRNA molecule of the 50S ribosomal subunit and inhibit peptidyl transferase
Cholestatic jaundice (treatment > 2 weeks)
Chloramphenicol
Bacteriostatic against gram-negative and gram-positive
Should be reserved for meningitis
Binds 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and inhibit peptidyl transferase
Pancytopenia
Grey baby syndrome
Linezolid
Oxazolidinone
Wide range of activity between gram-positive, including MRSA
Inhibit protein synthesis via antagonism of the N-formylmethionyl-tRNA binding to the 70S ribosome
Thrombocytopenia
Serotonin syndrome (SSRIs and MAOI medications)
Hyperlactemia (Due to mitochondrial protein synthesis)
Fusidic acid
Steroid antibiotic against Gram-positive bacteria
Interferes with translation/protein synthesis
Jaundice
Quinupristin
Streptogramins
Gram-positive
Inhibit protein synthesis by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome
Arthralgia and myalgia from inflammation at the infusion site
Dalfopristin
Streptogramins
Gram-positive
Inhibit protein synthesis by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome
Arthralgia and myalgia from inflammation at the infusion site
Clindamycin
Lincosamide
Bind 23S rRNA molecule of the 50S ribosomal subunit and inhibit peptidyl transferase (like macrolides and chloramphenicol)
Potentially lethal pseudomembranous colitis
Nalidixic acid
Quinolone
Broad spectrum
Inhibit topoisomerase II (+) (bacterial DNA gyrase), preventing negative supercoiling, and topoisomerase IV (-), preventing decatenation of daughter DNA
Arthropathy
Convulsions (especially with concurrent theophyllines)
Ciprofloxacin
Quinolone
Broad spectrum
Inhibit topoisomerase II (+) (bacterial DNA gyrase), preventing negative supercoiling, and topoisomerase IV (-), preventing decatenation of daughter DNA
Arthropathy
Convulsions (especially with concurrent theophyllines)
Levofloxacin
Quinolone
Broad spectrum
Inhibit topoisomerase II (+) (bacterial DNA gyrase), preventing negative supercoiling, and topoisomerase IV (-), preventing decatenation of daughter DNA
Arthropathy
Convulsions (especially with concurrent theophyllines)
Ofloxacin
Quinolone
Broad spectrum
Inhibit topoisomerase II (+) (bacterial DNA gyrase), preventing negative supercoiling, and topoisomerase IV (-), preventing decatenation of daughter DNA
Arthropathy
Convulsions (especially with concurrent theophyllines)
Norfloxacin
Quinolone
Broad spectrum
Inhibit topoisomerase II (+) (bacterial DNA gyrase), preventing negative supercoiling, and topoisomerase IV (-), preventing decatenation of daughter DNA
Arthropathy
Convulsions (especially with concurrent theophyllines)
Moxifloxacin
Quinolone
Broad spectrum
Inhibit topoisomerase II (+) (bacterial DNA gyrase), preventing negative supercoiling, and topoisomerase IV (-), preventing decatenation of daughter DNA
Arthropathy
Convulsions (especially with concurrent theophyllines)
