antibiotics

Question 1

what is an antibiotic

Answer 1

anti-bacterial

Question 2

how do antibiotics basically work

Answer 2

molecules that work by binding a target site on a bacteria

Question 3

how will the binding site vary

Answer 3

vary due to the antibiotic class

Question 4

how do antibiotic classes differ

Answer 4

due to the location of binding

Question 5

three classes of antibiotics

Answer 5

cell wall synthesis
nucleic acid synthesis
protein synthesis

Question 6

main group with cell wall synthesis

Answer 6

beta lactans

Question 7

examples of beta lactans

Answer 7

penicillins
cephalosporins
carbapenems

Question 8

examples of some penicillins

Answer 8

peniccilin v
penicillin g
flucoxallinin

Question 9

examples of glycopeptides

Answer 9

vancomycin
teicoplan

Question 10

beta lactam antibiotics mechanism?

Answer 10

-disrupt peptidoglycan production
-binding covalently and irreversibly to the Penicillin Binding Proteins
-cell wall is disrupted and lysis occurs
-results in a hypo-osmotic or iso-osmotic environment

Question 11

why is gram negative bacteria hard to use with beta lactams

Answer 11

it has an additional lipopolysaccharide layer which makes penetration difficult

Question 12

most used examples of nucleid acid synthesis medicines

Answer 12

metronidazole
ciprofloxacin

Question 13

nucleic acid synthesis antibiotic mechanism?

Answer 13

prevent production of folic acid so you cant make pyrine bases ro make dna

affect enzymes that are involved in dna replcate such as dna gryase, rna polymerase

Question 14

PROTEUN SYN

Answer 14

aminoglycosides- gentamincin
tetracylince

Question 15

Folate synthesis mechanism ?

Answer 15

NO FOLATE- NO REPLCIATION OF CELLS

Question 16

examples of folate synthesis antibiotics

Answer 16

trimethoprim
co- trimoxazole

Question 17

consequences of bacteria

Answer 17

• destroy phagocytes or cells in which bacteria replicate
• inflammation - necrotic cells
  -diarrhoea
• exotoxin- protein production

Question 18

two main ways antibiotics work

Answer 18

• kill the bacteria
• prevent growth of bacteria

Question 19

how would an antibiotic work effectively

Answer 19

should remain at binding site, for a sufficient period of time in order for the metabolic processes to be sufficiently inhibited.

Question 20

two major determinants of bacterial efficacy?

Answer 20

concentration
time

Question 21

pharmcokinetics relation to antibiotics ?

Answer 21

its release from dosage
its absorption
its distribution
rate of elimination

Question 22

how do bacteria resist antibiotics

Answer 22

change antibiotic target- by changing binding site
destroy antibiotic -
prevent antibiotic access- modify the bacterial membrane porin channel, size and selectivity
remove antibiotic from bacteria-proteins in bacterial membranes act as an export or efflux pump

Question 23

what two ways do bacteria become resistant

Answer 23

intrinsic
acquired

Question 24

what happens in intrinsic resistance

Answer 24

naturally resistant

Question 25

example of intrinsic resistance

Answer 25

Aerobic bacteria are unable to reduce metronidazole to its active form Vancomycin cannot penetrate outer membrane of gram negative bacteria

Question 26

what happens in acquired resistance

Answer 26

spontaneous gene mutation horizontal gene transfer

Question 27

what can mrsa become resistant to

Answer 27

flucloxacillin

Question 28

why would you never give trimethoprim to a pregnant woman

Answer 28

it prevents folate production which is key to prevent spina bifida

Question 29

how can horizontal gene transfer cause antibiotic ressitance

Answer 29

conjugation transformation transduction

Question 30

WHAT can streptococcus be treated with

Answer 30

penicillin's

Question 31

What factors to consider when deciding if an antibiotic is safe to prescribe?

Answer 31

Intolerance, allergy and anaphylaxis Side effects Age Renal and Liver function Pregnancy and breast feeding Drug interactions Risk of Clostridium difficile

Question 32

what is amoxicillin- clavulanate

Answer 32

amoxicillin and clavulonic acid

Question 33

what can cause cellulitis of the foot

Answer 33

s.aureus group a c g strep

Question 34

what woudl you give to someone w s,aureus and beta haemolysis

Answer 34

flucloxacillin

Question 35

who would you give penicillin to

Answer 35

pharyngitis penicillin

Question 36

what does MRSA stand for

Answer 36

Methicillin*-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Question 37

examples of macrolides and use

Answer 37

clarithromycin and erythromycin for s.aureus

Question 38

what does clindamycin do

Answer 38

turns off nasty toxins made by gram positive bugs

Question 39

main difference between gram neg and pos

Answer 39

neg has a thin cell wall pos has a thick lipolysaccaride layer

Question 40

main difference between gram neg and pos

Answer 40

neg has a thin cell wall pos has a thick liposaccharide layer

Question 41

what will gram neg cause

Answer 41

intra abdo infections diarrohoea appendicitis

Question 42

what is gentamicin used for

Answer 42

UTI's