Antibiotics Flashcards
agents that prevent or treat infection
Anti-Infectives
staphylococci, streptococci, enterococci are gram ___ bacteria
Gram + bacteria
escherichia coli, klebsiella, proteus, pseudomonas, salmonella, shigella are gram____ bactreria
Gram - bacteria
antibiotic treatment based on signs and symptoms
Empiric therapy
based on results of culture and sensitivity
Specific therapy
preventative antibiotic use
Prophylactic therapy
inhibit growth of susceptible bacteria rather than killing them immediately (eventually leads to bacterial death)
Bacteriostatic
kills bacteria
Bactericidal
Factors in Antibiotic Resistance
- Widespread use of broad spectrum antibiotics
- Interrupted or inadequate antibiotic treatment
- Type of bacteria
- Type of infection
- Condition of host
- Location and setting
One of the first groups
Bacteriostatic (stops bacteria from reproducing)
Ex. sulfamethoxazole, sulfisoxazole
Sulfonamides
treatment of UTIs caused by susceptible bacterial strains. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, URT infections, adjunct in malaria
Sulfonamides
True or False: Sulfonamides are Bacteriostatic
true
Side effects of sulfonamides
allergic reactions, GI upset, cutaneous reactions, hepatic, renal or hematological complications, photosensitivity
True or false: sulfonamides reduces the effectiveness of oral contraceptives
true
prevention and treatment of infections caused by susceptible bacteria. Ex. gram-positive bacteria, streptococcus, enterococcus, staphylococcus
Penicillins
Side effects of penicillin
N&V, diarrhea, abdominal pain
True or False: you don’t have to check for an allergic reaction when giving penicillin
False
If you are allergic to penicillin you are also allergic to____
Cephalosporins
Cephalexin (keflex), cefazolin (ancef), cefadroxil (duricef poor gram -)
Surgical prophylaxis, URI, otitis media are from what drug class
Cephalosporins
Erythromycin (+), azithromycin (zithromycin -), clarithromycin (biaxin -) are from what drug class
Macrolides
Used for strep infections (streptococcus pyogenes), mild to moderate URI (haemophilus influenzae), spirochetal infections (syphilis and lyme disease), gonorrhea, chlamydia, mycoplasma
Macrolides
Side effects of macrolides
GI (especially with erythromycin), N&V, diarrhea, hepatotoxicity, flatulence, jaundice, anorexia. Newer agents have less side effects and longer action
milk products, iron preparations, antacids and other dairy products should be avoided due to drug binding. Causes photosensitivity, avoid sunlight
tetracyclines
True or false: Tetracyclines are pregnancy safe
False
What are the side effect for tetracyclines?
strong affinity for calcium, permanent discoloration of teeth, can affect fetal skeletal development
Poor oral absorption, no PO forms
Aminoglycosides
Used to kill gram - bacteria such as pseudomonas, e. Coli and proteus
Often used in combination with other antibiotics for synergistic effect
Aminoglycosides
what are the side effects of aminoglycosides?
Serious toxicities, nephrotoxicity (renal failure), ototoxicity (auditory impairment and vestibular) Headache, paresthesia, neuromuscular blockade, dizziness, vertigo, skin rash, fever, superinfection
ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, levofloxacin, gatifloxacin are from which drug class?
Quinolones
true or false: quinolones have Great PO absorption. Absorption rate reduced by antacids
true
Lower RTI, bone and joint infections, infectious diarrhea, UTIs, skin infections, STIs, anthrax
Quinolones
what are some side effects of quinolones?
CNS depression, headache, dizziness, vomiting, fatigue, restlessness, constipation, N&V, diarrhea thrush (mouth yeast infection), rash, urticaria, flushing, photosensitivity, tinnitus, fever, chills
true or false: Intake of alkaline foods such as antacids, dairy products, peanuts and sodium bicarbonate should be limited when taking quinolones
true
for MRSA (methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus. Causes difficult to treat infections)
Clindamycin
anaerobic (does not require oxygen for growth,slow growth) and protozoal infections
metronidazole
used for uncomplicated UTIs
Nitrofurantoin
destroys cell wall. Treatment of MRSA and other gram + infections. May cause ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Should be infused over 60 min. Monitor IV site closely
Vancomycin
