Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharm Exam 4 > Antibiotics 1-3 > Flashcards

Antibiotics 1-3 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
WSET ® Level 4 D2 Business of Wine flashcards
1
Q

chemotherapy definition

A

treatment of a disease with the use of chemicals to kill or impair the growth of microorganisms or cancerous cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

selective toxicity definition

A

aimed at killing or impairing growth of the specific target organism without harming the host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

empirical therapy definition

A

treatment of a symptomatic patient without further testing or confirmation of the organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

narrow spectrum definition

A

drug that has an effect on one type or species of organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

prophylactic therapy definition

A

treatment in the absence of infection in order to prevent disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

definitive therapy definition

A

treatment given when the pathogenic organism has been identified and appropriate drug identified

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

broad spectrum definition

A

drug that has an effect on a wide variety of organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

preemtive therapy definition

A

treatment of high risk patients that have become infected but are asymptomatic (treating a patient who has symptoms and then treat his family even if they aren’t showing symptoms but illness is very contagious)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

suppressive therapy definition

A

generally a low dose therapy used as a secondary prophylaxis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

LPS - effect on antibiotic?

A

slows or prevents penetration of bulky, HMW antibiotics like erythromycin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

hydrophillic pores - effect on antibiotics

A

can be utilized to help water soluble drugs like sulfonamides to enter cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Nutrient receptor proteins on outer bacterial membrane - effect on antibiotics:

A

Agents that are structurally related to nutrients such as sideromycins can use these to enter cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

bacterial folate synthesis inh drugs:

A
  • sulfonamides
  • trimethoprim

(bacterial dihydrofolate inh)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

RNA polymerase inh drugs:

A

rifampin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

cell membrane inh drugs:

A

amphetericin
ketoconazole
polymyxin - binds phospholipids in cell membrane and distrupts structure like LPS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

cell wall synthesis inh drugs:

A

1) Beta-lactam antibiotics:
- carbapenems
- cephalosporins
- monobactams
- penicillins
2) Others:
- bacitracn
- fosfomycin
- vancomycin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

DNA gyrase inh drugs:

A

fluoroquinolones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Protein synthesis inh drugs:

A 
aminoglycosides
chloramphenicol
clindamycin
macrolides
mupiocin
streptogramins
tetracyclins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

bactericidal drugs do what?

A

kill the bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

bacteriostatic drugs do what?

A

inhibits growth of the bacteria but does not kill the bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

WHat are the most common resisitant organisms? Mnemonic?

A

ESKAPE

  • Enterococcus faecium
  • Staphylococcus aureus
  • Klbsiella pneumoniae
  • Acinetobacter baumanni
  • Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  • Enterobacter species
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Daptomycin

  • Tx use?
  • Resistance how?
A
  • for complicated skin infections, bacteremia and endocarditis
  • specific gene mutation (mprF) that results in a change in membrane charge = overall net positive (More lysine added) –> repels the antibiotic with positively charged daptomycin properties
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Tetracycline

  • Tx use?
  • Resistance how?
A
  • broad spectrum antibiotic used to treat a variety of conditions such as acne, bronchitis, gonorrhea, and syphilis
  • expression of an efflux pump removes antibiotic from the cell (N gonorrhea, E Coli, S pneumo, P Aeruginosa
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Metronidizole

  • Tx use?
  • Resistance how?
A
  • abdominal infections, vaginitis, C Difficile, and brain abscess
  • metronidazole needs to be reduced to generate reactive oxidative species. Mutation in rdxA gene reduces/decreases activiation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Aminoglycosides (streptomycin)

  • Tx use?
  • Resistance?
A
  • used with other drugs to tx endocarditis, tularemia, plague, and tuberculosis
  • aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes chemically modify the antibiotic and alter binding of drug to its target
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Amoxicillin

  • tx use?
  • resistance?
A
  • broad spectrum antibiotic

- Beta-lactamase breaks beta lactam ring of amoxicillin (and other penicillins and cephalosporins)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Trimethoprim and sulfonamides

  • Tx use?
  • resistance?
A
  • commonly used in combo to tx UTI

- these guys inh folate synthesis so the organism expresses drug insensitive enzymes and can still make the folate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Vancomycin

  • tx use
  • resistance?
A
  • tx bloodstream infections, endocarditis, and meningitis

- substitution on the peptidoglycan stem so that the drug can no longer bind the target

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q
  • How to recognize penicillin type drugs?

- MOA?

A
  • name ends in -illin

- cell wall synthesis inhibitors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q
  • How to recognize cephalosporin type drugs?

- MOA?

A
  • name begins with cef-

- cell wall synthesis inhibitors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q
  • beta-lactamase inhibitor drug?

- MOA?

A
  • clavulanic acid
  • given with other beta-lactam drugs to help with cell wall synthesis inh - prevents bacteria from breaking down the acting beta-lactam
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q
  • monobactam drug?

- MOA?

A
  • aztreonam

- cell wall synth inh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q
  • glycopeptides drug?

- MOA?

A
  • vancomycin

- cell wall synthesis inh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q
  • polypeptide type drug?

- MOA?

A
  • bacitracin

- cell wall synthesis inh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q
  • How to recognize carbapenem type drugs?

- MOA?

A
  • drug name ends in -enem

- cell wall synth inh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q
  • phosphoenolpyruvate type drug?

- MOA?

A
  • fosfomycin

- cell wall synthesis inh - (blocs early step - UDP-N-acetylmuramic acid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q
  • Lipopeptide type drugs?

- MOA?

A
  • daptomycin

- targets the membrane - bacteria cant control depolarization=death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q
  • detergent type drug?

- MOA?

A
  • polymyxin B

- targets the membrane - binds phospholipids in cell membrane and distrupts structure like LPS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q
  • how to recognize the tetracyclines drugs?

- MOA?

A
  • name ends -cycline

- protein synthesis inh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q
  • aminoglycoside type drugs?

- MOA?

A
  • amikacin
  • gentamincin
  • kanamycin
  • neomycin
  • streptomycin
  • tobramycin

-protein synthesis inh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q
  • macrolide type drugs?

- MOA?

A
  • clarythromycin
  • azithromycin
  • erythromycin

-protein synthesis inh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q
  • How to recognize sulfonamide type drugs?

- MOA?

A
  • sulfadiazine
  • sulfamethizole
  • sulfamethoxazole
  • name begins with sulfa-
  • folate synth inhibitors - mimics PABA and competes for binding in dihydrofolic acid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q
  • trimethoprim type drugs?

- MOA?

A
  • pyrimethamine
  • trimethoprim

-folate synth inh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q
  • How to recognize fluoroquinolone type drugs?

- MOA?

A
  • usually end in or have -floxacin somewhere in the name

- gyrase inhibitors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q
  • Metronidazole type drugs?

- MOA?

A
  • metronidazole

- DNA damage???

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

MOA/What enzymes to cell wall synthesis inh drugs target?

A

PBPs - penicillin-binding proteins

many different types

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q
  • What type drugs belong to the beta-lactams?

- How do these drugs fight bugs (bactericidal/static)?

A
  • penicillins
  • cephalosporins
  • monobactams
  • carbapenems

-bactericidal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Which penicillins are resistant to bacterial beta-lactamases?

A

methicillin
nafcillin
oxacillin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q 
penicillin compounds (beta lactam antibiotics) to know for this exam?
-drug derived from nature or synthetic?
A
  • penicillin G (natural)
  • penicillin V (natural)
  • amoxicillin (synthetic)
  • methicillin (synthetic resistant to beta-lactamases)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Spectrum of penicillin drugs?

MOA for penicillins?

A
  • the natural agents has limited spectrum
  • the synthetics have broader spectrum
  • inh PBPs!!
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q
  • Key adverse effect for penicillin compounds?

- Secondary infections?

A
  • *-hypersensitivity - rash, itching, respiratory issues, anaphylaxis
  • CNS effects - confusion
  • blood- hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia

-secondary infections=vaginal candidiasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

If patient has anaphylactic adverse reaction to penicillin drug then what drug type to give/not give?

A
  • Dont give other beta-lactams bc cross reactivity

- -> so no cefalosporins, carbapenems, monobactams or other penicillins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Narrow spectrum beta-lactam antibiotics?

-sensitive organisms?

A
  • penicillin G
  • penicillin V

-sreptococci, pneumococci, meningococci, treponema pallidum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Very-narrow spectrum beta-lactam antibiotics?

-sensitive organisms?

A
  • methicillin
  • nafcillin
  • oxacillin
  • ONLY ONE THAT IS BETA LACTAMASE RESISTANT
  • staph (but NOT multi-drug resistant stap)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Broad spectrum beta-lactam antibiotics?

-sensitive organsims?

A
  • ampicillin
  • amoxicillin

-gram+ cocci, E Coli, Haemophilus Influenzae, listeria monocytogenes, borrelia burgdorferi, H pylori

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Extended spectrum beta-lactam antibiotics?

-sensitive organisms?

A
  • peperacillin
  • ticarcillin
  • aziocillin

-gram - rods, antipseudomonal

57
Q
  • How to protect drugs to beta-lactamase expressing bacteria?
  • What is a common combo?
A
  • Give clavulanic acid type drugs

- Common: amoxicillin and clabulanic acid (Augmentin)

58
Q

When are cephalosporins used?

How react to beta-lactamases?

A
  • used especially if penicillins are not tolerated by patient
  • Usually more RESISTANT to beta-lactamases compared to susceptible penicillins
59
Q

Spectrum of activity for cephalosporins based on generation?

A

-4th generation broadest and 1st generation narrowest effect

60
Q

1st generation cefalosporins effective against gram what?

A

Only gram + cocci

-MOST narrow

61
Q

2nd generation cephalosporins effective against gram what?

A

-gram + and some gram-

62
Q

3nd generation cephalosporins effective against gram what?

A

gram+ and gram - cocci, and many gram- rods

63
Q

4nd generation cephalosporins effective against gram what?

A

-BROADEST spectrum for gram + and gram -

64
Q

Key adverse effects for cephalosporins?

A

-(similar to penicillins:)

  • **hypersensitivity stuff
  • metabolism-disulfiram-effect = avoid alcohol
  • blood=bleeding disorders
65
Q

MOA for cephalosporins?

A

-inh penicillin binding proteins (PBPs)

66
Q

1st generation cephalosporin drugs?

-sensitive organisms for fun?

A
  • cefazolin
  • cephalexin

-gram + cocci

67
Q

2nd generation cephalosporin drugs?

-sensitive organisms for fun?

A
  • cefotetan
  • cefaclor
  • cefuroxime

-gram+ cocci and some gram- organisms

68
Q

3rd generation cephalosporin drugs?

-sensitive organisms for fun?

A
  • ceftriaxone
  • cefotaxime
  • cefdinir
  • ceflixime

-gram+ and gram neg cocci, gram - rods

69
Q

4th generation cephalosporin drugs?

-sensitive organisms for fun?

A
  • cefepime

- broadest spectrum of gram + and -

70
Q

Which generation of cephalosporins are resistant to beta-lactamases?

A

-4th gen = cefepime

71
Q

WHich cefalo’s are able to enter the CNS?

A

-All 4th gen enter while 1st gen do not

72
Q

Which class of cephalo’s is used for surgical prophylaxis?

A

1st generation

  • cefazolin
  • cephalexin
73
Q

what is the monobactam type drug?

  • resistant/susceptible to beta-lactamases?
  • MOA?

-spectrum of activity for fun?

A
  • aztreonam
  • RESISTANT TO B-lactamases
  • bind and inh PBPs - cell wall synth inh

-limitied to Gram -

74
Q

Key adverse effects of monobactam type drgus?

A

-aztreonam

  • **-Hypersensitivity: rash, itching
  • -> *NOT AS SEVERE OF A RXN AS WITH CEFS OR CILLINS
75
Q

What do monobactams generally treat?

A
  • aztreonam

- serious infections like pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis

76
Q

MOA for carbapenems?

A

-inh PBPs!

77
Q
  • Carbapenem drug list?

- Spectrum of activity for fuN?

A
  • doripenem
  • imipenem
  • ertapenem
  • meropenem
  • NAME ENDS IN -PENEM

-gram - and gram + (BROAD)

78
Q 
Special way to administer imipenem? 
-what class drug?
A
  • beta-lactam antibiotic -carbapenenm (ENDS IN -ENEM)

- must be given with cilastatin to prevent inactivation in the kidney

79
Q

Carbapenems - resistant/susceptible to b-lactamases?

A

-RESISTANT to beta-lactamases BUT SUSCEPTIBLE TO CARBAMENEMASES*

DRUG NAME ENDS IN -PENEM!!

80
Q

Key adverse reaction of carbapenems?

A
  • ***-GI - nausea, vomit, diarrhea
  • hypersentitivity stuff
  • cardiovasc=hypotension
  • CNS=confusion, tremors, seizures
81
Q

What does Cilastatis do?

A

Prevents break down of imipenem in the kidney

carbapenem type-beta lactam

82
Q

What is the MOA for glycopeptide antibiotics? Name the drugs?

A
  • just vancomycin

- binds the D-ala-D-… pentapeptide and hides it from the linker enzymes (steric inhibitor)

83
Q

Glycopeptide drugs:

  • name them?
  • tissue penetration?
  • key adverse effect?

–Spectrum of activity for fuN?

A
  • vancomycin
  • good tissue penetration except CNS
  • *-skin- flushing** (red neck or red-man syndrome)
  • ototoxicity (permanent hearing loss)

only gram+ bacteria - good against MRSA, enterococci, and C dif

84
Q

Polypeptide drugs

  • name?
  • use how?
  • MOA?
  • key adverse reaction?
A
  • bacitracin
  • topical and ophthalmic ointments
  • -blocks incorportation of amino acids and nucleic acids into the cell wall (cell wall synthesis inh)
  • hypersensitivity but its rare
85
Q

Phosphoenolpyruvate type

  • drug name?
  • MOA?
  • adverse rxn?
A
  • fosfomycin
  • blocks an early step in cell wall synthesis by preventing synthesis of UDP-N-acetylmuramic acid
  • hypersensitivity but its rare
86
Q

Common reason for phosphoenolpyruvate type?

A
  • fosfomycin

- UTIs in females

87
Q

Protein synthesis inh drug types:

A

*aminoglycosides - 30S block attachment
chloramphenicol - 50S - blcok peptide formation
clindamycin - 50S - elongation
*macrolides -50s - block translocation/elongation
mupiocin
streptogramins
*tetracyclins - 30S - block binding of tRNA

88
Q

Protein synthesis inh

-bacteriostatic/or cidal?

A

-mostly static but some cidal

89
Q

general MOA for all protein synth inh?

A

-disrupt translation by targeting the molecular machinery - ribsosme 50S and 30S (70S total)

90
Q

whcih antibiotics inhibit 30S subunit?

A

tetracyclines - prevents binding of charged tRNA molecule

aminoglycosides

91
Q

which antibiotics inh 50S subunit?

A
  • chloramphenicol-blocks peptide formation

- macrolides (prevent translocation)

92
Q

Name group of aminoglycosides:

A
  • streptomycin
  • gentamicin
  • kanamycin
  • amikacin
  • tobramycin
  • neomycin
93
Q

spectrum of activity -aminoglycosides? cidal or statis?

A

Broad - cidal effect!

94
Q

Aminoglycosides are used to treat and how?

A

-treat serious gram- infections in combo with beta-lactams

95
Q

MOA- aminoglycosides?

A

bind 30S == prevent translation (messes with attachment)

96
Q

Key adverse effects -aminoglycosides

A
  • nephrotox - renal tubular necrosis
  • ototox- dizziness, ringing, fullness
  • skin- hypersensitivity
97
Q

Macrolides

  • name the drugs?
  • MOA?
  • static or cidal?
A
  • erythromycin
  • clarythromycin
  • azithromycin

-binds to 50S = inh translocation (prevents elongation)

  • low concentration=statis
  • high concentration=cidal
98
Q

Macrolides

  • name the drugs?
  • key adverse effects?

-spectrum of drugs for fun?

A
  • erythromycin
  • clarythromycin
  • azithromycin
  • **-GI- cramps, nausea, vomit, diarrhea
  • hypersensitivity -skin
  • CYP450 inh - impaired drug metabolism

-gram + mostly and some gram -

99
Q

tetracycline antibiotics:

  • name the drugs:
  • spectrum and static/cidal?
A
  • tetracycline
  • minocycline
  • tigecycline
  • doxycycline

-BROAD and static

100
Q

tetracycline antibiotics:

  • MOA?
  • key adverse effects?
A

-bind 30S = block translation - prevent elongation? block tRNA binding?

  • *nutrient interaction - bind Ca =growth of calcified tissue (bone/teeth) - (dont use with pregos)
  • ecological effects - disrupt normal flora
  • Skin-photosensitivity
  • GI
  • chelator of divalent ions
101
Q

Clindamycin

  • type of antibiotic? MOA?
  • spectrum
  • tx of what?
A
  • protein synth inh - binds 50S = prevents elongation
  • narrow spectrum
  • used for soft tissue infections by staph or strep
  • used to treat community acquired MRSA
102
Q

Clindamycin

  • type/MOA?
  • key adverse effects?
A
  • protein synth inh - binds 50S = prevents elongation
  • **GI - nausea, vomit, diarrhea, C dif infection
  • hypersensitivity - skin
103
Q

Chloramphenicol

  • drug type? MOA?
  • Tx use?
A
  • protein synthesis inh - binds 50S - prevents elongation

- rare use - typhus, Rocky mountain spotted fever, eye infections

104
Q

Chloramphenicol

-Adverse effect:

A
  • *-Blood: suppresses RBC production
  • **Gray baby syndrome: infants lack glucuronic acid conjugation (phase 2 of elimination) = gray color, vomit, shock, vascular collapse
  • GI
  • Superinf=oral and vaginal candidiasis
105
Q

Gray baby syndrome with which drug?

A

chloramphenicol

infants lack glucuronic acid conjugation = gray color, vomit, shock, vascular collapse

106
Q

RBC production suppressed by which drug?

A

chloramphenicol

Linezolid = myelosuppression too on bigger scale

-Trimethoprim and pyrimethamine - bone marrow suppression - bacterial dihydrofolate inh

107
Q

oxazolidinones

  • drug names
  • drug type/MOA?
A
  • linezolid

- protein synth inh – binds p-site of 50S = prevents initial formation of tRNA with ribosiome

108
Q

oxazolidinones

  • drug name:
  • tx use?
  • adverse effect?
A
  • linezolid
  • used for penicillin, methicillin, vancomycin resistant strains
  • **blood = myelosuppresion (anemias, leukopenia
  • GI
  • drug interactions -inh MAO
109
Q

antibiotics used for resistant organisms?

A

linezolid - oxazolidinone

110
Q

Sulfonamides

  • name the drugs?
  • type of antibiotic/MOA?
  • spectruM ?
A
  • sulfadiazine
  • sulfamethoxazole
  • sulfamethizole
  • DNA synthesis inh - antifolate - similar structure to PABA=compete with PABA for enzyme and block dihydrofolic acid = no purines= no DNA
  • broad
111
Q

Sulfonamides -

  • MOA?
  • key adverse?
A
  • sulfadiazine
  • sulfamethoxazole
  • sulfamethizole

-DNA synthesis inh - antifolate - similar structure to PABA=compete with PABA for enzyme and block dihydrofolic acid = no purines= no DNA

  • SKIN**-hypersensitivity, photosensitivity, Stevens johnson
  • GI
  • urinary tract - cystalluria, hematuria, obstruction = obstruction but can be used for UTIs
112
Q

Trimethoprim-

  • name drugs
  • MOA/type of drug?
A
  • trimethoprim
  • pyrimethamine

-DNA synth inh-antifolate-inh of BACTERIAL dihydrofolate reductase = impaired DNA syntehsis

113
Q

Trimethoprim

  • name the drugs
  • spectrum?
  • Key AE?
A

-trimethoprim
-pyrimethamine
(bacterial dihydrofolate inh)

-Gram - bacteria

  • **BLOOD - bone marrow suppression, megaloblastic leukopenia,
  • GI
114
Q

What is one key issue for sulfa and trimethoprim drugs?

A

-resistance - bacteria can change drug uptake or reduce binding

115
Q

Why use trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole together?

A

TMP-SMX together has synnergistic effects

  • great for UTI and prostatitis
  • pneumonia, shigella, systemic salmonealla
116
Q

Fluoroquinolones

  • name the drugs?
  • type of drug/MOA?
  • spectrum?
A
  • ciproflaxin
  • levoflacin
  • norfloxacin
  • ofloxacin
  • gatifloxacin
  • gemifloxacin
  • moxifloxacin
  • DNA synth inh - bind DNA gyrase (topoiso 2 and 4) = prevent unwinding of DNA
  • broad! Gram + and -
117
Q

Fluoroquinolones

  • name the drugs?
  • tx use?
A
  • ciproflaxin
  • levoflacin
  • norfloxacin
  • ofloxacin
  • gatifloxacin
  • gemifloxacin
  • moxifloxacin

-anthrax, urinary, GI, respiratory gonorrhea

118
Q

Fluoroquinolones

  • drugs?
  • key AE?
A
  • ciproflaxin
  • levoflacin
  • norfloxacin
  • ofloxacin
  • gatifloxacin
  • gemifloxacin
  • moxifloxacin
  • **GI usual
  • **Drug nutrient int - bind divalent cations
  • ** cardio - QT prolongation
119
Q

Group 1 fluoroquinolones

  • drugs?
  • activity against?
A
  • norfloxacin

- least active

120
Q

Group 2 fluoroquinolones

  • drugs?
  • activity against?
A
  • ciproflaxin
  • levoflaxin
  • ofloxacin
  • best against gram -
  • ok against some gram +
121
Q

Group 3 fluoroquinolones

  • drugs?
  • activity against?
A
  • gatifloxacin
  • gemifloxacin
  • moxifloxacin

-best for Gram +

122
Q

How to recognize fluoroquinolone drugs?

A

-end in -oxacin

123
Q

Metronidazole

  • type of drug/MOA?
  • key AE?
A

-DNA damage - prodrug activated by bacterial enzymes = bind to DNA and cause damage to whole lot of stuff

  • **GI usual
  • *metabolism - disulfiram effect
124
Q

Disulfiram interacting drugs?

A
  • metronidazole

- cefalosporins

125
Q

Metronidazole

-tx use?

A
  • anaerobic bactiera, protozoa

- abdominal infections, vaginitis, C dif, and brain abscess

126
Q

Lipopeptides

  • name drugs
  • type/MOA?
A
  • daptomycin
  • Cell membrane inhibitors - bind to membrane and causes depol of membrane = bactericidal - insertion into membrane needs Ca
127
Q

Lipopeptides

  • name drug?
  • Key AE?
  • tx use?
A
  • daptomycin
  • **Musculoskeletal - myopathy, rhabdomyolysis
  • skin and soft tissue inf & bacteremia and endocarditis
128
Q

Daptomycin is similar to what other drug? why?

A

like vancomycin bc both good against Gram +

129
Q

Detergents

  • name drugs?
  • type/MOA?
  • spectrum?
A
  • polymyxin B (used with bacitracin)
  • cell membrane targeter - bind phospholipids in the cell membrane and disrupt structures (punch holes) - specificially LPS

-Gram - bacteria

130
Q

Detergents

  • name drgus?
  • key AE?
A
  • polymycin B - binds phospholipids in cell membrane and distrupts structure like LPS
  • rare when topical
131
Q

Resistance mechanisms-

-penicillins and cephalosporins

A

1) beta-lactamases
2) alteration in PBP bidning to drug
3) alteration in porin fucntion

132
Q

Resistance mechanisms-

-aminoglycosides

A

1) expression of enzymes that alter chemical structure of the drug

133
Q

Resistance mechanisms-

-macrolides

A

1) transport of drug out of cell (drug efflux)

2) alteration of drug binding to 50S

134
Q

Resistance mechanisms-

-tetracyclines

A

1) transport out of cell (drug efflux)

135
Q

Resistance mechanisms-

-sulfonamides

A

1) less sensitive drug target
2) increased synthesis of PABA
3) scavenge or use outside folic acid source

136
Q

Resistance mechanisms-

fluoroquinolones

A

1) less sensitive drug target

2) drug efflux (transport out of cell)

137
Q

Resistance mechanisms-

-chloramphenicol

A

1) expression of inactivating enzymes

138
Q

musculoskeletal AE-which drug?

A

daptomycin - a polypeptide drug

MOA = insterts into membrane and bacteria cant control depol

139
Q

Which drug causes C Dif infection?

What are options to treat C Dif infection?

A

-Clindamycin side effect on GI system

  • vancomycin
  • metronidazole

Pharm Exam 4 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions