Antibiotic Therapy Flashcards
1
Q
Chemicals that affect physiology in any manner.
A
Drugs
2
Q
Drugs that act against diseases.
A
Chemotherapeutic agents
3
Q
Drugs interfere with the growth of microbes within a host
A
Antimicrobial agents
4
Q
Drugs that treat infections
A
Antimicrobial agents
5
Q
Antimicrobial agents produced naturally by organisms
A
Antibiotic
6
Q
A feature of antimicrobial drugs that means the drug kills pathogens without damaging the host.
A
Selective toxicity
7
Q
A feature of antimicrobial drugs that means the ratio between toxic dose and therapeutic dose – or ratio of LD50 to ED50
A
Therapeutic index
8
Q
TRUE OR FALSE: A high therapeutic index means the drug is more toxic.
A
FALSE. A high therapeutic index less toxic
9
Q
A feature of antimicrobial drugs that means being bacteriostatic vs. bactericidal
A
Antimicrobial action
10
Q
A feature of antimicrobial drugs that means broad-spectrum vs
narrow-spectrum
A
Activity Spectrum
11
Q
Antibiotics that are fully synthesized in laboratories
A
Synthetic Antibiotics
12
Q
Antibiotics that are modified from naturally occurring
antibiotics to improve effectiveness and reduce resistance
A
Semi-Synthetic Antibiotics
13
Q
Are fluoroquinolones like
ciprofloxacin synthetic or semi-synthetic?
A
Synthetic
14
Q
Are methicillin and amoxicillin synthetic or semi-synthetic?
A
Semi-Synthetic
15
Q
Developed the concept of selective toxicity (targeting pathogens without harming the host).
A
Paul Ehrlich
16
Q
Discovered arsenic-based compounds effective against trypanosome parasites and syphilis (e.g., Salvarsan).
A
Paul Ehrlich
17
Q
Discovered penicillin from Penicillium mold, which killed Staphylococcus bacteria.
A
Alexander Fleming
18
Q
Recognized its potential as an antimicrobial agent but was unable to mass-produce it.
A
Alexander Fleming
19
Q
the first practical antimicrobial agent
A
sulfanilamide
20
Q
Developed sulfanilamide
A
Gerhard Domagk
21
Q
Showed that synthetic drugs could be used to treat bacterial infections.
A
Gerhard Domagk
22
Q
Purified and mass-produced penicillin, making it widely available during World War II.
A
Howard Florey and Ernst Chain
23
Q
Their work on RNA splicing contributed to the development of antiviral drugs.
A
Sir Richard J. Roberts & Phillip A. Sharp
24
Q
Helped lay the foundation for modern antiviral therapies, including HIV and hepatitis drugs.
A
Sir Richard J. Roberts & Phillip A. Sharp
25
an antimalarial drug derived from Artemisia annua (sweet wormwood).
artemisinin
26
Identified artemisinin
Tu Youyou
27
Revolutionized with malaria treatment artemisinin-based
combination therapies (ACTs)
Tu Youyou
28
Overuse and misuse of antibiotics have led
to _____
superbugs
29
Example of superbugs
multidrug-resistant Tuberculosis
30
a new class of antibiotics effective against Gram-positive bacteria.
teixobactin
31
True or False: Successful
chemotherapy requires selective toxicity.
TRUE
32
constitute the largest number and diversity of antimicrobial agents
Antibacterial drugs
32
Sometimes one drug is not sufficient; two or more drugs may be used simultaneously, as in the treatment of tuberculosis. This is called ____.
Multidrug therapy
33
Most common agents prevent what process?
cross-linkage of NAM subunits
34
most prominent in Inhibition of synthesis of bacterial walls
Beta-lactams
35
Functional groups of beta-lactams
beta-lactam rings
36
Interfere with particular bridges
that link NAM subunits in many
Gram-positive bacteria
Vancomycin and cycloserine
36
bind to enzymes that
cross-link NAM subunits
Beta-lactams
37
inhibit the enzyme that synthesizes glucan
Echinocandins
37
Blocks transport of NAG and NAM from cytoplasm
Bacitracin
38
Disrupt mycolic acid formation in mycobacterial species
Isoniazid and ethambutol
39
are composed of various polysaccharides not found in mammalian cells
Fungal cells
40
True or False: Eukaryotic ribosomes are 70S (30S and 50S); Prokaryotic ribosomes are 80S (40S and 60S)
FALSE. Prokaryotic ribosomes are 70S (30S and 50S); Eukaryotic ribosomes are 80S (40S and 60S)
41
attaches to ergosterol in
fungal membranes
Amphotericin B
41
What organelle of animals and humans contain 70S ribosomes?
Mitochondria
42
True or False: Humans are somewhat susceptible to amphotericin B because cholesterol is similar to
ergosterol.
TRUE
43
True or False: Bacteria lack sterols, and are therefore susceptible to amphotericin B.
FALSE. Bacteria lack sterols; not
susceptible
43
inhibit ergosterol
synthesis
Azoles and allylamines
43
True or False: Some antiparasitic drugs act against cytoplasmic membranes
TRUE
44
Polymyxin is toxic to what human organs?
Kidneys
44
disrupts cytoplasmic
membranes of Gram-negative bacteria
Polymyxin
45
only disrupts transport across the cytoplasmic membrane of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Pyrazinamide
46
Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Synthesis is most often used against ___
Viruses
46
can be effective when pathogen and host metabolic processes differ
Antimetabolic agents
47
Antimetabolic agent that interferes with electron transport in protozoa and fungi
Atovaguone
48
interfere with an enzyme that HIV needs in its replication cycle
Protease inhibitors
48
Antimetabolic agents that inactivate enzymes
Heavy metals
49
Act against prokaryotic DNA gyrase
Quinolones and fluoroquinolones
50
True or False: Reverse transcriptase inhibitors do not harm people
TRUE
51
New area of antimicrobial drug development
Prevention of Virus Attachment and Entry
51
Act against an enzyme HIV uses in its replication cycle
Reverse transcriptase inhibitors
51
Spectrum of Action meaning effective against few organisms
Narrow-spectrum
51
block viral attachment or receptor proteins
Attachment antagonists
52
Number of different pathogens a drug acts against
Spectrum of Action
52
TRUE OR FALSE: Broad-spectrum may allow for secondary or superinfections to develop
TRUE
53
Spectrum of Action meaning effective against many
organisms
Broad-spectrum
54
Major Categories of Antibacterial Agents
Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Tetracyclines
Aminoglycosides
Macrolides
Fluoroquinolones
54
Category of Antibacterial Agents: bactericidal; interfere with cell wall
synthesis
Penicillins and Cephalosporins
55
Category of Antibacterial Agents: bacteriostatic at lower doses; bactericidal at higher doses; inhibit protein synthesis
Macrolides
55
Category of Antibacterial Agents: bacteriostatic; inhibit protein synthesis
Tetracyclines
55
Category of Antibacterial Agents: bactericidal; inhibit DNA synthesis
Fluoroquinolones
56
Category of Antibacterial Agents: bactericidal; inhibit protein synthesis
Aminoglycosides
57
a standardized tuberculosis (TB) treatment strategy to ensure patient adherence, reduce drug resistance, and improve cure rates.
Directly Observed Treatment, ShortCourse (TB-DOTS)
58
True or False: The Philippine TB-DOTS program follows the WHO-recommended first-line anti-TB drugs.
TRUE
59
Most antifungal agents work in what three ways?
binding with cell membrane
sterols, interfering with sterol synthesis, blocking mitosis or nucleic acid synthesis
60
nystatin and amphotericin b
Choices:
a. binding with cell membrane
sterols
b. interfering with sterol synthesis
c. blocking mitosis or nucleic acid synthesis
binding with cell membrane
sterols
61
clotrimazole and miconazole
Choices:
a. binding with cell membrane
sterols
b. interfering with sterol synthesis
c. blocking mitosis or nucleic acid synthesis
interfering with sterol synthesis
62
griseofulvin and
5-flucytosine
Choices:
a. binding with cell membrane
sterols
b. interfering with sterol synthesis
c. blocking mitosis or nucleic acid synthesis
blocking mitosis or nucleic acid
synthesis
62
True or false: Antifungal, antiprotozoal, and antihelminthic agents tend to be less toxic to the patient because, like the infected human, they are eukaryotic organisms.
FALSE. Antifungal, antiprotozoal, and antihelminthic agents tend to be more toxic to the patient because, like the infected human, they are eukaryotic organisms.
63
TRUE OR FALSE: Antiprotozoal agents are usually not toxic to the host.
FALSE. Antiprotozoal agents are usually toxic to the host.
63
Antiprotozoal agents work by what two ways?
Interfering with DNA and RNA
synthesis; Interfering with protozoal metabolism
64
appears to interfere with protein synthesis, especially in red blood cells. The drug may concentrate in vacuoles within the parasite and prevent it from metabolizing hemoglobin.
Chloroquine
64
metronidazole
Choices:
a. Interfering with DNA and RNA synthesis
b. Interfering with protozoal metabolism
Interfering with protozoal metabolism
64
from the bark of the cinchona tree was used for centuries to treat malaria.
Quinine
64
Currently the most widely used
antimalarial agents
chloroquine (Aralen) and primaquine
64
chloroquine, pentamidine, and quinacrine
Choices:
a. Interfering with DNA and RNA synthesis
b. Interfering with protozoal metabolism
Interfering with DNA and RNA synthesis
65
Interfere with the degradation of host erythrocyte hemoglobin.
Chloroquine
65
The synthetic imidazole _____ causes breakage of DNA strands.
metronidazole
65
Effective in treating
Trichomoas infections, intestinal infections caused by Clostridium difficile, parasitic amoebas, and Giardia
metronidazole
65
Side effect called ‘‘black hairy tongue,’’ or ‘‘brown furry tongue,’’
Metronidazole
65
True or False: Metronidazole can cause birth defects and cancer; can be passed to infants in breast milk.
TRUE
65
True or False: metronidazole prevents overgrowth of Candida yeast infections.
it does not prevent
overgrowth of Candida yeast infections.
66
interferes metabolism, with carbohydrate thereby causing a parasite to release large quantities of lactic acid
NICLOSAMIDE
66
inactivate products made by the worm to resist digestion by host proteolytic enzymes
NICLOSAMIDE
66
Niclosamide is effective mainly in the treatment of ____.
Tapeworm infections
67
Antihelminthic agents cause disruption of ______ in parasites.
Mitochondrial function
67
True or False: Mebendazole can be given to pregnant women.
FALSE
67
blocks the uptake of glucose
by parasitic roundworms
MEBENDAZOLE (Vermox)
68
useful in treating whipworm, pinworm, and hookworm infections
MEBENDAZOLE (Vermox)
69
simple organic compound, is a powerful neurotoxin that paralyzes body-wall muscles of roundworms; useful in treating Ascaris and pinworm infections.
Piperazine (Antepar)
70
extremely effective against Onchocerca volvulus in humans
ivermectin
71
causes a progressive loss of
sight known as
onchocerciasis, or river blindness.
72
a synthetic pyrethroid that acts as a neurotoxin on ectoparasites (lice and mites).
Permethrin
73
binds to voltage-gated sodium channels in parasite nerve cell membranes
Permethrin
74
Permethrin can cause ___
Prolonged depolarization
Paralysis
Death of the parasite
75
True or False: Permethrin has high toxicity to humans because mammalian sodium channels are more sensitive to permethrin.
FALSE. It has low toxicity to humans because mammalian sodium channels are less sensitive to permethrin.
76
True or False: Antiviral agents are difficult to develop these agents because viruses are produced within host cells.
TRUE
77
several antiviral drugs that are
administered simultaneously
Cocktail
78
combination of at least three antiretroviral drugs used to treat HIV/AIDS.
HAART
79
Drug Classes Used in HAART
Entry Inhibitors (CCR5 Antagonists & Fusion Inhibitors) Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs) Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs) Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors (INSTIs)
Protease Inhibitors (PIs)
80
Prevent viral entry into CD4 cells.
Entry Inhibitors (CCR5 Antagonists & Fusion Inhibitors)
81
Block viral RNA conversion to DNA.
Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs)
81
Block viral DNA integration into host DNA.
Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors (INSTIs)
81
Bind and inhibit reverse transcriptase.
Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs)
82
Prevent viral maturation.
Protease Inhibitors (PIs)
83
True or False: Adherence leads to drug resistance, treatment failure, and disease progression.
FALSE. Non-adherence leads to drug resistance, treatment failure, and disease progression.
84
Side effects for NRTIs
Lactic acidosis, peripheral neuropathy (e.g., Zidovudine: bone marrow suppression).
85
Side effects for NNRTIs
CNS effects (e.g., Efavirenz: vivid dreams, dizziness).
86
Side effects for PIs
Metabolic issues (e.g., dyslipidemia, insulin resistance).
87
Side effects for INSTIs
Muscle pain, weight gain (e.g., Dolutegravir).
88
Before starting HAART, perform _______ to select effective drugs.
genotypic resistance testing
89
Specifically targets herpesviruses.
Acyclovir
90
Inhibits viral DNA polymerase, preventing viral replication.
Acyclovir
91
Incorporates into viral DNA, causing premature DNA chain termination.
Acyclovir
92
True or False: Acyclovir primarily affects virus-infected cells, maximizing harm to healthy human cells.
FALSE. It primarily affects virus-infected cells, minimizing harm to healthy human cells.
93
Treats oral and genital herpes (reduces outbreaks)
Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV-1, HSV-2)
94
Used for chickenpox and shingles (herpes zoster).
Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV)
95
First-line IV treatment for life-threatening brain infections.
HSV Encephalitis
96
Prevents herpes reactivation in
HIV/AIDS or transplant patients.
Prophylaxis in Immunocompromised Patients
97
Efficacy of antimicrobials assessed by a variety of tests
Effectiveness
98
Efficacy tests
Diffusion susceptibility test
Minimum inhibitory concentration test
Minimum concentration test
99
application of drug for external
infections
Topical
100
route requires no needles and is self administered
Oral
101
administration delivers drug via needle into muscle
Intramuscular
102
administration delivers drugs directly to bloodstream
Intravenous
103
ratio of the dose of a drug that can be tolerated to the drug's effective dose
Therapeutic index
104
the range of concentrations at which a medication is effective and relatively nontoxic.
Therapeutic window
105
common complication of AIDS, diabetes, and prolonged antibiotic
therapy.
Candidiasis (thrush)
106
Bacteria acquire resistance in two ways
New mutations of chromosomal genes
Acquisition of R plasmids via transformation, transduction, and conjugation.
