ANTIBIOTIC DRUGS Flashcards
What are the five mechanisms of antibacterial action?
- inhibition of bacterial cell-wall synthesis
-alteration of membrane permeability
-inhibition of protein synthesis
-inhibition of the synthesis of bacterial RNA and DNA
-interference with metabolism within the cell
Describe general adverse reactions to antibacterial drugs.
-Allergy or hypersensitivity has mild and severe reactions
-Superinfection is a secondary infection that happens when disturb during antibiotic therapy.
-Organ toxicity happens when the liver and kidney are involved in drug metabolism and excretion, and antibacterial may result in damage to these organs.
What are antibiotic combinations?
-Additive effect - equal to the sum of
the effects of two antibiotics
-Potentiative effect – occurs when one antibiotic increases the effectiveness of the 2nd drug
-Antagonistic effect – when two drugs are used together, the desired effect may be greatly reduced
Explain what is a narrow spectrum and a broad spectrum.
The narrow spectrum is primarily effective against one type of organism (selective) while the broad spectrum is effective against the gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.
What are the host factors?
The immune system, site of infection, age, and pregnancy
What are the indications for taking Prophylactic?
Prevention of infection for clients with GIT,
Cardio, Orthopedic or Gynecologic surgeries as well as prevention of STI’s following sexual exposure
What kind of drugs inhibits the synthesis of the bacterial peptidoglycan cell wall?
These drugs contain beta-lactam rings in their
structures that include: penicillin, cephalosporins,
carbapenems and monobactams
Penicillin G (IM) and penicillin V (oral) are examples of
Narrow spectrum
Amoxicillin-clavulanate (PO) and Ampicillin (PO,
IV) are examples of
Broad spectrum
Nafcillin (IM,IV) is an example of
Anti-staphylococcal
Ticarcillin-clavulanate (IV) and Piperacillin-tazobactam (IV) are examples of
Anti-pseudomonas
What are the adverse effects of penicillin?
Allergies or anaphylaxis, renal impairment, hyperkalemia or dysrhythmias, and hypernatremia
What observation you will see in a positive reaction in penicillin skin testing?
Itching, redness, and hive at any penicillin testing site confirm you are allergic to penicillin. These reactions usually resolve in under 1 hour
What are the five generations?
-1st generation: effective mostly against gram-positive bacteria and some gram-negative bacteria. Cefazolin, cephradine, cefadroxil, and cephalexin are examples of medicines.
-2nd generation: same effectiveness as the 1st generation but with a broader spectrum against of gram-negative bacteria and several anaerobic organisms. Cefoxitin, cefuroxime, cefotetan, laracarbef, cefaclor, cefuroxime axetil, and cefprozil are examples of medicines.
-3rd generation: same effectiveness as 1st and 2nd generation and also effective against gram-negative bacteria but with increased resistance to destruction by beta-lactamases. Cefotaxime, ceftizoxime, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, cefpodoxime, ceftibuten, and cefdinir are examples of medicines.
-4th generation: similar to 3rd generation drugs and highly resistant to most beta-lactamases bacteria with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity and good penetration to cerebrospinal fluid. Cefepime is an example of medicine.
-5th generation: similar characteristics of 3rd and 4th generations: also broad spectrum and only cephalosporins effective against methicillin-resistant. Ceftaroline is an example of medicine.
When taking cephalosporins, what food should the client not take?
Alcohol
