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Antimicrobial chemotherapy > Antibacterials > Flashcards

Antibacterials Flashcards

1
Q

Which bacteria is Benzyl-penicillin effective against?

A

Gram +’s

IV use for serious pneumococcal, S. pyogenes and meningococcal infections

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2
Q

Which organisms are Amoxicillin and Ampicillin effective against?

A

Streptococci and enterococci

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3
Q

What is Co-amoxiclav

A

Amoxicillin combined with Clavulonic acid

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4
Q

What is Flucloxicillin used to treat and why?

A

First choice treatment for non-MRSA S. aureus

beta-lactamase resistant

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5
Q

Describe the spectrum of use for Piperacillin

A

Broad spec., good Gram - cover.
Active against Pseudomonas - other penicillins are not
Effective against anaerobes - useful for treatment of serious intra-abdominal infections

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6
Q

Describe spectrum of use for Carbapenems

A

Effective against a rang of Gram +’s and -‘s, including anaerobes. Example - Meropenem

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7
Q

Describe efficacy of different generations of Cephalosporins

A

Efficacy against Gram -‘s increases going from 1st gen. to 3rd gen. (effective against Pseudomonas)
Efficacy against Gram +’s decreases going from 1st gen. to 3rd gen.

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8
Q

Why is cephalosporin use discouraged?

A

They promote opportunistic C. diff infection

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9
Q

What resistance mech. do many Gram neg’s and hospital S. aureus strains possess?

A

Beta Lactamases

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10
Q

What classes of antibacterials do ESBL’s give resistance to?

A

Penicillins and 3rd gen cephalosporins

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11
Q

Which organisms sometimes encode carbapenemases?

A

Highly res. Gram -‘s

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12
Q

What class of antibacterials do Vancomycin and Teicoplanin belong to?

A

Glycopeptides

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13
Q

What is the mech. of action of Vancomycin?

A

Inhibition of peptidoglycan precursor assembly

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14
Q

What organisms are Glycopeptides effective against?

A

Virtually all Gram +’s.

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15
Q

Describe a resistance mech. that has emerged against Glycopeptides and the bacteria in which it has arisen

A

Mutation of peptidoglycan precursors

Enterococci: E. faecalis

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16
Q

What class of antibacterials is Gentamicin in?

A

Aminoglycosides

17
Q

What is the mech. of action of Aminoglycosides?

A

Inhibition of protein synthesis by binding to 30s subunit of ribososmes

18
Q

Spectrum of action of Aminoglycosides

A

Effective against almost all Grma -‘s

Effective against Staph. species but not Strep

19
Q

How are Vancomycin and Gentamycin administered?

Why do patients require careful monitoring?

A

IV admin. Both drugs can be highly toxic to the Kidneys

20
Q

Erythromycin and Clarithromycin are in what class of antibacterials?

A

Macrolides

21
Q

Name a tetracyclin

A

Doxycyclin

22
Q

What organisms are Macrolides and Tetracyclines effective against?

A

Gram positives

Used to treat Legionella and atypical pneumonia

23
Q

What is the mech. of action of Macrolides and Tetracyclines?

A

Protein synth inhibition

24
Q

Outline the use for Linezolid and Daptomycin

A

Highly effective against Gram +’s
Used to treat serious infections
Particularly effective against MRSA

25
Q

Why specifically is emergence of glycopeptide resistance a concern?

A

Possible transfer of resistance to Penicillin/Cephalosporin resistance drugs, resulting in very limited options for treatment of infections like MRSA

26
Q

What is the mech. of action of Trimethoprim and Sulphamethoxazole?

A

Inhibition of Gram + bacterial purine synthesis

27
Q

What is co-trimoxazole?

A

Combined Trimethoprim and Sulphamethaxozole

28
Q

What is the mechanism of action of quinolones?

A

Inhibition of Nucleic acid replication by binding to DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV.
100 times higher affinity for bacterial than human gyrase

29
Q

Spectrum of action for Ciprofloxacin

A

Broad spec. against Gram -‘s

30
Q

Spectrum of newer quinolones eg. Levofloxacin?

A

Gram -‘s, potentially effective against some Gram +’s

31
Q

How are quinolones administered?

A

Orally or Parenterally

32
Q

Why are quinolones not suitable for children?

A

Interference with growth of cartilage

33
Q

Which groups of patients are not suitable with Tetracyclines?

A

Children and pregnant women - due to deposition of Tetracyclines in bones and teeth

Antimicrobial chemotherapy (3 decks)

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