Antibacterial Overview

Question 1

Bacteriostatic

Answer 1

stops the growth of the organism and we hope that the immune system takes over

Question 2

Bacterocidal

Answer 2

Kills the organism

Question 3

Gram Positive Cocci (ex)

Answer 3

Strep pneumo
Strep pyogenes
Staph aureus (MSSA - MRSA)

Question 4

Gram Negative Cocci (ex)

Answer 4

Neisseria meningitidis

Neisseria gonorrheae

Question 5

Gram positive rods (ex)

Answer 5

listeria

Question 6

gram negative rods (ex)

Answer 6

E. coli
H. influenzae
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
M. catarrhalis

Question 7

Anaerobes (ex)

Answer 7

Clostridium difficile
Clostridium tetani
Clostridium botulinum
Bacteroides fragilis
H. Pylori

Question 8

Atypical Organisms (ex)

Answer 8

Chlamydia

Mycoplasma

Question 9

Bacterocidal drugs target:

Answer 9

the cell wall, the cell membrane or DNA/RNA synthesis/function

Question 10

Bacterostatic drugs target:

Answer 10

protein synthesis (cant grow but doesnt die)
Folic acid metabolism

Question 11

“Natural resistance” means…

Answer 11

the microbe lacks the drug’s target in its natural state

Question 12

“escape resistance” means…

Answer 12

microbes are sensitive and the drug reaches the target, but the organism has found a loophole

Question 13

“Acquired resistance” means…

Answer 13

The microbe has produced generations of organisms with traits that minimize drug action. Proper dosing and duration of drug must be met

Question 14

4 ways to be resistant to a drug

Answer 14

alteration of the target
increasing the efflux learn how to bypass the pathway that is waiting for you
enzymatic degradation (of drug

Question 15

Bacterocidal agents are preferred in severe infection

Answer 15

:)

Question 16

bacterocidal agents act more quickly and irreversibly

Answer 16

:)

Question 17

Bacterocidal agents compensate for immunocompromised patientes

Answer 17

:)

Question 18

Bacterocidal agents are required for treatment of infections in locations that are not accessible to immune system

Answer 18

endocarditic vegetations, cerebrospinal fluid

Question 19

Readily enter CSF

Answer 19

sulfonamides-trimethoprim
3rd/4th generation cephalosporins
Rifampin-metronidazole

Question 20

beneficial accumulation into bone

Answer 20

Clindamycin

Question 21

beneficial accumulation into pulmonary cells

Answer 21

Macrolides

Question 22

Beneficial accumulation into sebum (acne) and gingiva (peridontitis)

Answer 22

Tetracyclines

Question 23

Beneficial accumulation into urine

Answer 23

Nitrofurantoin

Question 24

Toxic accumulation in inner ear and renal brush border

Answer 24

Aminoglycosides

Question 25

Toxic accumulation into the Ca++ of developing bone and teeth

Answer 25

Tetracyclines

Question 26

Drugs that are renally eliminated need to be dosed differently in those with decreased kidney function

Answer 26

Monitor their serum creatinine and creatinine clearance

Question 27

Hepatic metabolized drugs can't be "hepatic dosed" in those patients that have liver dysfunction

Answer 27

Be cautious in these cases or use a different drug

Question 28

Drugs you DONT want to use in the hepatic dysfunction patient: DQ-CRIMES

Answer 28

``` Doxycycline Quinolones Clindamycin Rifampin Isoniazid Metroniadazol Erythromycin Sulfonamides ```

Question 29

Narrow Spectrum means...

Answer 29

effective against EITHER gram positive OR gram negative organisms

Question 30

Extended spectrum means...

Answer 30

effective against gram positive AND gram negative

Question 31

Broad Spectrum means...

Answer 31

effective against: gram positive, gram negative and atypical organisms

Question 32

Acute severe infections should be treated with broad spectrum with targets towards likely pathogens

Answer 32

:)

Question 33

Adverse reaction: direct toxicity means...

Answer 33

Drug effect on microbes effects host cellular process too. Related to MOA

Question 34

Adverse reaction: Indirect toxicity

Answer 34

allergic reactions or hypersensitivity. NOT related to MOA

Question 35

Adverse reaction: disturbance of host flora

Answer 35

more commonly associated with broad spectrum drugs