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Pharmacology Unit 3 > Anti-Infectives Part 1 > Flashcards

Anti-Infectives Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

microbiology

A

study of microscopic organisms of either animal or plant origin

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2
Q

bacteria

A

single celled organism

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3
Q

normal flora

A

good bacteria found in GI tract, nose, mouth, on skin that keeps us healthy

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4
Q

pathogen

A

an organism that produces an infection or disease

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5
Q

defense mechanism

A

body response to something foreign (WBC, skin, immune response) that prevents/protects from infection

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6
Q

antibiotics

A

drugs/chemicals that interfere with life process of pathogen, making them incapable of reproducing and sometimes killing the organism

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7
Q

how are bacteria classifications named

A

shape and arrangement

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8
Q

spherical morphology shape

A

cocci

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9
Q

bacilli morphology shape

A

rods

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10
Q

spirilla morphology shape

A

curved rods

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11
Q

strepto morphology shape

A

chains

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12
Q

staphylococcus morphology shape

A

clusters

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13
Q

diplo morphology shape

A

pairs

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14
Q

gram positive

A

retain blue stain from crystal violet (purple)

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15
Q

gram negative

A

retain red strain from safranin (red)

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16
Q

how is antibiotic susceptibility determined

A

ID bacteria to determine which antibiotics will be effective

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17
Q

culture and sensitivity

A

determine antibiotic susceptibility, take specimen sample, grow for 24-48 hours, add antibiotics to medium to determine which drugs are effective

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18
Q

empiric therapy

A

initiated before ID, use broad spectrum antibiotic, may change drug choice after ID

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19
Q

types of antibacterial agents

A

bacteriostatic or bactericidal

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20
Q

bacteriostatic

A

inhibit reproduction/growth of bacteria

dependent on immune system

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21
Q

bactericidal

A

drugs that kill the bacteria

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22
Q

antibiotics are effective against ____ and not effective against _____

A

bacteria and cancer

not viruses, parasites, or fungal infections

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23
Q

bacterial resistance

A

antibiotic becomes ineffective as bacteria resist its actions

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24
Q

how can bacterial resistance happen

A

bacteria produce enzymes that inactivate antibiotic

bacteria alter cell wall and antibiotic can no longer penetrate bacteria

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25
chemophylaxis
use of antibiotics before bacterial infection has developed | i.e. prior to abdominal surgery, gunshot wound, knee/hip replacement, exposure to TB
26
superinfection
Overgrowth of another bacteria not treated by medication initially administered Could be caused by elimination of normal flora
27
Common antibiotic side effects
N/V/D, photosensitivity
28
Serious antibiotic side effects
Ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity
29
Allergic reactions to antibiotics
Hives, pyrexia, SOB, edema, anaphylaxis
30
4 basic MOA/drug categories
cell wall synthesis inhibitors protein synthesis inhibitors folate biosynthesis nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors
31
subcategories of cell wall synthesis inhibitors
penicillins beta lactase inhibitors cephalosporins
32
MOA of penicillins
inhibits enzymes needed for cell wall synthesis
33
what do all penicillin drug names have
end in cillin
34
uses of penicillins
Strep, staff, upper/lower RI, UTI, otitis media
35
4 generations of penicillins
1- narrow spectrum, effective against gram positive bacteria, given orally and parenterally 2- broader spectrum, covering more of gram negative bacteria, given orally and parenterally 3- broader spectrum than 2, given orally and parenterally 4- widest spectrum, given parenterally, good for pts with Na restricted diets
36
are penicillins bacteriostatic or bactericidal
bactericidal
37
are beta lactase inhibitors bacteriostatic or bactericidal
bactericidal
38
MOA of beta lactase inhibitors
Inhibit enzymes produced by bacteria that deactivate the drug and make it ineffective, also inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis
39
uses for beta lactase inhibitors
When bacteria are resistant to penicillin, upper/lower RI, strep, staph, UTI, otitis media
40
what are beta lactase inhibitors drugs
penicillin combo drugs
41
are cephalosporins bacteriostatic or bactericidal
bactericidal
42
MOA of cephalosporins
Inhibit cell wall synthesis of bacteria | causing loss of osmotic pressure, cell lysis, loss of nutrients, cell death
43
Uses for cephalosporins
Strep, staph, U/L RI, pneumonia, UTI, otitis media, when bacteria resistant to penicillin, when pts allergic to penicillin, pre-op for prophylaxis
44
What do all cephalosporin drugs have in the name
begin with ceph/cef
45
4 generations of cephalosporins
1- active against some gram positive and gram negative bacteria 2- broader than first 3- broader than 2 4- greater resistance to beta-lactamase inactivating enzymes
46
what are the subcategories of protein synthesis inhibitors
``` tetracyclines macrolides aminoglycosides ketolides lincosamides ```
47
MOA of tetracyclines
interfere with protein synthesis of bacteria
48
uses for tetracyclines
acne, skin infections, LRI, chlamydia
49
what do all tetracycline drug names have
end in cycline
50
are tetracyclines bacteriostatic or bactericidal
bacteriostatic
51
MOA of macrolides
inhibit protein synthesis
52
uses for macrolides
E/N/T infections, chlamydia, pneumonia
53
are macrolides bacteriostatic or bactericidal
mostly bacteriostatic
54
what do all macrolide drugs have in the name
end in thromycin
55
are aminogycosides bacteriostatic or bactericidal
bactericidal
56
MOA of aminogycosides
inhibit protein synthesis
57
uses for aminogycosides
before/after abdominal/intestinal surgery, conjunctivitis, otitis media, bronchitis, staph, serious gram negative bacilli
58
what do all aminogycoside drugs have in their name
end in mycin
59
MOA of ketolides
inhibit protein synthesis
60
are ketolides bacteriostatic or bactericidal
bacteriostatic
61
uses for ketolides
U/L RI, resistant strains from other antibiotics
62
what is the only ketolide drug
telithromycin (Ketek®)
63
MOA of lincosamides
inhibit protein synthesis
64
are lincosamides bacteriostatic or bactericidal
bacteriostatic
65
uses for lincosamides
deep tissue infections, acne
66
what is the only lincosamide drug
clindamycin (Cleocin®)
67
what is the only subcategory of folate biosynthesis inhibitors
sulfonamides
68
are sulfonamides bacteriostatic or bactericidal
bacteriostatic
69
MOA of sulfonamides
inhibit synthesis of folic acid
70
uses for sulfonamides
burns, skin infections, acne
71
what do all sulfonamide drugs have in their name
begin with sulf
72
what is the only subcategory of nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors
fluoroquinolones
73
are fluoroquinolones bacteriostatic or bactericidal
bactericidal
74
MOA of fluoroquinolones
inhibits enzyme needed for synthesis of bacterial DNA
75
uses for fluoroquinolones
UTI, GI, respiratory, bone/joint infections, anthrax, conjunctivitis
76
what do all fluoroquinolone drugs have in their name
end in floxacin
77
the two miscellaneous antibiotics
vancomycin (Vancocin®) | metronidazole (Flagyl®)
78
MOA of vancomycin (Vancocin®) (a miscellaneous antibiotic)
inhibits cell wall synthesis
79
use of vancomycin (Vancocin®)
last resort- superbugs, MRSA, enterococcal infections, pseudomembranous colitis
80
MOA of metronidazole (Flagyl®) (a miscellaneous antibiotic)
breaks apart bacterial DNA
81
uses for metronidazole (Flagyl®)
bacterial/protozoal/skin infections, clostridium difficile
82
subcategories of urinary tract agents
urinary tract antiseptic | urinary tract analgesic
83
what is the only urinary tract antiseptic
nitrofurantoin (Macrodantin®)
84
mechanism of nitrofurantoin (Macrodantin®)
damages bacterial DNA
85
what is the only urinary tract analgesic
phenazopyridine (Pyridium®)
86
use for phenazopyridine (Pyridium®)
combo with antibiotic for UTI, provides pain relief
87
ways of preventing infections
antiseptics, disinfectants, hygiene

Pharmacology Unit 3 (4 decks)

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