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Pharmacology Unit 3 > Anti-Infectives Part 1 > Flashcards

Anti-Infectives Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

microbiology

A

study of microscopic organisms of either animal or plant origin

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2
Q

bacteria

A

single celled organism

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3
Q

normal flora

A

good bacteria found in GI tract, nose, mouth, on skin that keeps us healthy

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4
Q

pathogen

A

an organism that produces an infection or disease

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5
Q

defense mechanism

A

body response to something foreign (WBC, skin, immune response) that prevents/protects from infection

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6
Q

antibiotics

A

drugs/chemicals that interfere with life process of pathogen, making them incapable of reproducing and sometimes killing the organism

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7
Q

how are bacteria classifications named

A

shape and arrangement

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8
Q

spherical morphology shape

A

cocci

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9
Q

bacilli morphology shape

A

rods

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10
Q

spirilla morphology shape

A

curved rods

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11
Q

strepto morphology shape

A

chains

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12
Q

staphylococcus morphology shape

A

clusters

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13
Q

diplo morphology shape

A

pairs

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14
Q

gram positive

A

retain blue stain from crystal violet (purple)

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15
Q

gram negative

A

retain red strain from safranin (red)

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16
Q

how is antibiotic susceptibility determined

A

ID bacteria to determine which antibiotics will be effective

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17
Q

culture and sensitivity

A

determine antibiotic susceptibility, take specimen sample, grow for 24-48 hours, add antibiotics to medium to determine which drugs are effective

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18
Q

empiric therapy

A

initiated before ID, use broad spectrum antibiotic, may change drug choice after ID

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19
Q

types of antibacterial agents

A

bacteriostatic or bactericidal

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20
Q

bacteriostatic

A

inhibit reproduction/growth of bacteria

dependent on immune system

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21
Q

bactericidal

A

drugs that kill the bacteria

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22
Q

antibiotics are effective against ____ and not effective against _____

A

bacteria and cancer

not viruses, parasites, or fungal infections

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23
Q

bacterial resistance

A

antibiotic becomes ineffective as bacteria resist its actions

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24
Q

how can bacterial resistance happen

A

bacteria produce enzymes that inactivate antibiotic

bacteria alter cell wall and antibiotic can no longer penetrate bacteria

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25
Q

chemophylaxis

A

use of antibiotics before bacterial infection has developed

i.e. prior to abdominal surgery, gunshot wound, knee/hip replacement, exposure to TB

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26
Q

superinfection

A

Overgrowth of another bacteria not treated by medication initially administered
Could be caused by elimination of normal flora

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27
Q

Common antibiotic side effects

A

N/V/D, photosensitivity

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28
Q

Serious antibiotic side effects

A

Ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity

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29
Q

Allergic reactions to antibiotics

A

Hives, pyrexia, SOB, edema, anaphylaxis

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30
Q

4 basic MOA/drug categories

A

cell wall synthesis inhibitors
protein synthesis inhibitors
folate biosynthesis
nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors

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31
Q

subcategories of cell wall synthesis inhibitors

A

penicillins
beta lactase inhibitors
cephalosporins

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32
Q

MOA of penicillins

A

inhibits enzymes needed for cell wall synthesis

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33
Q

what do all penicillin drug names have

A

end in cillin

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34
Q

uses of penicillins

A

Strep, staff, upper/lower RI, UTI, otitis media

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35
Q

4 generations of penicillins

A

1- narrow spectrum, effective against gram positive bacteria, given orally and parenterally
2- broader spectrum, covering more of gram negative bacteria, given orally and parenterally
3- broader spectrum than 2, given orally and parenterally
4- widest spectrum, given parenterally, good for pts with Na restricted diets

36
Q

are penicillins bacteriostatic or bactericidal

A

bactericidal

37
Q

are beta lactase inhibitors bacteriostatic or bactericidal

A

bactericidal

38
Q

MOA of beta lactase inhibitors

A

Inhibit enzymes produced by bacteria that deactivate the drug and make it ineffective, also inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis

39
Q

uses for beta lactase inhibitors

A

When bacteria are resistant to penicillin, upper/lower RI, strep, staph, UTI, otitis media

40
Q

what are beta lactase inhibitors drugs

A

penicillin combo drugs

41
Q

are cephalosporins bacteriostatic or bactericidal

A

bactericidal

42
Q

MOA of cephalosporins

A

Inhibit cell wall synthesis of bacteria

causing loss of osmotic pressure, cell lysis, loss of nutrients, cell death

43
Q

Uses for cephalosporins

A

Strep, staph, U/L RI, pneumonia, UTI, otitis media, when bacteria resistant to penicillin, when pts allergic to penicillin, pre-op for prophylaxis

44
Q

What do all cephalosporin drugs have in the name

A

begin with ceph/cef

45
Q

4 generations of cephalosporins

A

1- active against some gram positive and gram negative bacteria
2- broader than first
3- broader than 2
4- greater resistance to beta-lactamase inactivating enzymes

46
Q

what are the subcategories of protein synthesis inhibitors

A 
tetracyclines
macrolides
aminoglycosides
ketolides
lincosamides
47
Q

MOA of tetracyclines

A

interfere with protein synthesis of bacteria

48
Q

uses for tetracyclines

A

acne, skin infections, LRI, chlamydia

49
Q

what do all tetracycline drug names have

A

end in cycline

50
Q

are tetracyclines bacteriostatic or bactericidal

A

bacteriostatic

51
Q

MOA of macrolides

A

inhibit protein synthesis

52
Q

uses for macrolides

A

E/N/T infections, chlamydia, pneumonia

53
Q

are macrolides bacteriostatic or bactericidal

A

mostly bacteriostatic

54
Q

what do all macrolide drugs have in the name

A

end in thromycin

55
Q

are aminogycosides bacteriostatic or bactericidal

A

bactericidal

56
Q

MOA of aminogycosides

A

inhibit protein synthesis

57
Q

uses for aminogycosides

A

before/after abdominal/intestinal surgery, conjunctivitis, otitis media, bronchitis, staph, serious gram negative bacilli

58
Q

what do all aminogycoside drugs have in their name

A

end in mycin

59
Q

MOA of ketolides

A

inhibit protein synthesis

60
Q

are ketolides bacteriostatic or bactericidal

A

bacteriostatic

61
Q

uses for ketolides

A

U/L RI, resistant strains from other antibiotics

62
Q

what is the only ketolide drug

A

telithromycin (Ketek®)

63
Q

MOA of lincosamides

A

inhibit protein synthesis

64
Q

are lincosamides bacteriostatic or bactericidal

A

bacteriostatic

65
Q

uses for lincosamides

A

deep tissue infections, acne

66
Q

what is the only lincosamide drug

A

clindamycin (Cleocin®)

67
Q

what is the only subcategory of folate biosynthesis inhibitors

A

sulfonamides

68
Q

are sulfonamides bacteriostatic or bactericidal

A

bacteriostatic

69
Q

MOA of sulfonamides

A

inhibit synthesis of folic acid

70
Q

uses for sulfonamides

A

burns, skin infections, acne

71
Q

what do all sulfonamide drugs have in their name

A

begin with sulf

72
Q

what is the only subcategory of nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors

A

fluoroquinolones

73
Q

are fluoroquinolones bacteriostatic or bactericidal

A

bactericidal

74
Q

MOA of fluoroquinolones

A

inhibits enzyme needed for synthesis of bacterial DNA

75
Q

uses for fluoroquinolones

A

UTI, GI, respiratory, bone/joint infections, anthrax, conjunctivitis

76
Q

what do all fluoroquinolone drugs have in their name

A

end in floxacin

77
Q

the two miscellaneous antibiotics

A

vancomycin (Vancocin®)

metronidazole (Flagyl®)

78
Q

MOA of vancomycin (Vancocin®) (a miscellaneous antibiotic)

A

inhibits cell wall synthesis

79
Q

use of vancomycin (Vancocin®)

A

last resort- superbugs, MRSA, enterococcal infections, pseudomembranous colitis

80
Q

MOA of metronidazole (Flagyl®) (a miscellaneous antibiotic)

A

breaks apart bacterial DNA

81
Q

uses for metronidazole (Flagyl®)

A

bacterial/protozoal/skin infections, clostridium difficile

82
Q

subcategories of urinary tract agents

A

urinary tract antiseptic

urinary tract analgesic

83
Q

what is the only urinary tract antiseptic

A

nitrofurantoin (Macrodantin®)

84
Q

mechanism of nitrofurantoin (Macrodantin®)

A

damages bacterial DNA

85
Q

what is the only urinary tract analgesic

A

phenazopyridine (Pyridium®)

86
Q

use for phenazopyridine (Pyridium®)

A

combo with antibiotic for UTI, provides pain relief

87
Q

ways of preventing infections

A

antiseptics, disinfectants, hygiene

Pharmacology Unit 3 (4 decks)

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