Anti-Infectives Flashcards
AMIKACIN, GENTAMICIN, TOBRAMYCIN
Amikin, Garamycin, Tobrex
Treatment of severe systemic infections of CNS, respiratory, GI, GU, bone, skin, soft tissue and acute PID
IV over 30 min to 1 hr
IM deep and slow injection
NEVER subcut
Careful monitoring of blood levels, peak 2 hours after
Monitor for signs of superinfection
Immediately report hearing or balance problems
Encourage fluids
Preg Cat D
Side Effects: Use when preggo -- bilateral congenital deafness Ototoxcitiy cranial nerve 9 Nepthrotoxicity Fever, difficulty breathing, rash Vertigo Tinnintus
AMPHOTERICIN B
Abelcet, Amphotec, Fungizone
Do not mix
Treatment of histoplasmosis, skin infections, septicemia, meningitis in HIV+
Monitor VS, fever, change in nervous system
Check for hypokalemia
Meticulous care and observation of injection site
Weight pros and cons
Preg Cat B
Side Effects:
Blood, kidney, heart and liver abnormalities, GI upset, Hypokalemia, muscle pain CNS disturbance, inefficient hearing, skin irritation, rash, fever, malaise, hypo-tension, HA, nephrotoxicity
FLUCONAZOLE
Diflucan
Treat vaginal, esophageal, or systemic candidiasis
Prothrombin time increased after use of warfarin
Take missed dose ASAP, do not double dose
Monitor glucose levels
Preg Cat C
Side Effects:
Nausea, HA, abdominal pain, diarrhea, taste distortion
HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE
Plaquenil
Anti-malarias
Management of malaria, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis
Peak 1-2 hr
Same time each day
Give with meat to decrease GI distress
Start 2wk before exposure, continue 4-6 weeks after
Preg C
Side Effects: Eye disturbances N/V Anorexia Rash, HA Loss of hair
QUININE SULFATE
Treatment of malaria, nocturnal leg cramps Peak 1-3 hr Take at the same time Avoid OTC cold meds, tonic water May increase digoxin OTC Preg Cat X
Side effects:
Eye disturbances
N/V
Anorexia
METRONIDAZOLE
Flagyl
Anti-protozoals Treatment of a wide variety of infections, including trichomoniasis and giardiasis IV- immediate onset PO- peak 1-2hr Urine may turn dark reddish-brown Treatment of both partners DO NOT DRINK Preg Cat B
Side Effects: HA Dizziness N/V, diarrhea Abdominal cramps Metallic taste
ISONIAZID
INH
Anti-tuberculars
Prevention and treatment of TB
Contact physician for signs of hepatitis: yellow eyes and skin, N/V, anorexia, dark urine, unusual tiredness or weakness
Contact for signs of peripheral neuorpathy: numbness, tingling or weakness
Monitor liver tests
Preg Cat C
Side Effects:
Peripheral neuropathy
Liver Damage
ACYCLOVIR
Zovirax
Antiviral Treatment of herpes, varicella Do not break, crush or chew Take dose soon as missed Contact if sore throat, fever, fatigue (superinfection) May cause acute renal failure Thrombocytopenic purpura Preg Cat B
Side Effects: HA Bloody dysrasias N/V Diarrhea
OSELTAMIVIR PHOSPHATE
Tamiflu
Antiviral Used as prohylaxis in adults for the flu Treat uncomplicated acute flu symptoms Not a substitute for the vaccination May be taken without regard to meals Preg Cat C
Side Effects:
N/V, Dizziness
HA, Fatigue, Cough
VALACYCLOVIR HCL
Valtrex
Antiviral Treatment of general herpes Treat herpes zoster (shingles) Treat herpes labialis (cold sores) Drink lots of fluids Avoid sexual contact when visible Caution in pregnancy and nursing mothers
Side Effects: N/V, diarrhea Abdominal cramps HA Rash, fatigue, dizziness
ZIDOVUDINE
AZT, Retrovir
Antiviral
Management of HIV infections and prevention of HIV following needlestick
GI upset and insomnia resolve after 3-4 weeks
Preg Cat C
Side Effects: Fever, HA, malasie N/V, diarrhea Dizziness Insomnia Dyspepsia Anorexia Rash
CEFADROXIL
Duricef
Cephalosporins, 1st
Treatment of upper and lower respiratory tract, urinary tract, and skin infections, otitis media, tonsillitis and UTIs
Take 10-14 days to prevent a super infection
Possible cross-allergy to penicillin
False positive results of urine glucose
Preg Cat B
Side effects:
Diarrhea, Rash, Angioedema
CEPHALEXIN
Keflex
Cephalosporins, 1st
Treatment of upper and lower respiratory tract, urinary tract, and skin infections, otitis media, and bone infections
Take 10-14 days to prevent a super infection
Possible cross-allergy to penicillin
False positive results of urine glucose
Preg Cat B
Side effects:
Diarrhea, Rash, Angioedema, HA, anaphylaxis
CEFACLOR
Ceclor
Cephalosporins, 1st
Treatment of respiratory tract, urinary tract, bone, joint and skin infections, otitis media
Take for 10-14 days to prevent super infection
False positive results for urine glucose
Preg Cat B
Side Effects: Diarrhea
CEFOTETAN
Cephalosporins, 2nd
Treatment of respiratory tract, urinary tract, bone, joint and skin infections, GYN and gonococcal infections, intra-abdominal infections
IM/ IV – peak 1.5-3hr
Avoid alcohol
False elevated serum or urine creatinine
Preg Cat B
Side effects:
Diarrhea, Rash, Nausea
CEFOXITIN
Mefoxin
Cephalosporins, 2nd
Treatment of respiratory tract, urinary tract, bone, joint and skin infections, GYN and gonococcal infections, peritonitis, septicemia
Take for 10 -14 days to prevent super infection
Avoid alcohol
Eat yogurt or buttermilk to maintain intestinal flora
May cause false positive urine glucose
Preg Cat B
Side Effects: Diarrhea, Rash
CEFPROZIL
Cefzil
Cephalosporins, 2nd
Treatment of pharyngitis/tonsillitis, otitis media, seondary bacterial infection of acute bronchitis and acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, acute sinusitis
Take for 10-14 days to prevent super infection
May cause false positive Coombs test, elevated ALT and AST, urine glucose
Preg Cat B
Side Effects: Diarrhea, Rash
CEFUROXIME
Ceftin, Zinacef
Cephalosporins, 2nd
Treatment of respiratory tract, urinary tract, bone and skin infections, gonococcal infections, meningitis, septicemia
Take 10-14 days to prevent super infection
May cause increased BUN and creatinine
False positive urine glucose
Preg Cat B
Side Effects: diarrhea, rash
CEFDINIR
Omnicef
Cephalosporins, 3rd
Treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, sinusitis, pharyngitis, otitis media, tonsillitis, skin infections
Take 10-14 days to prevent super infection
Do not give antacids or iron supplements within 2 hr
False positive for urine ketones or glucose
May cause increase GGT
Preg Cat B
Side effects:
N/V, diarrhea, anorexia, rash, HA, vaginal yeast infection
CEFEPIME
Maxipime
Cephalosporins, 3rd
Treatment of respiratory tract, urinary, and skin infections
False positive Coombs test, urine glucose
Preg Cat B
Side Effects:
N/V, Diarrhea, Anorexia, Rash
HA, Elevated liver function tests
CEFOTAXIME
Claforan
Cephalosporins, 3rd Treatment of respiratory tract, intra-abodminal/GYN infections, gonococcal infections, meningitis, septicemia, bacteremia Monitor for super infection Yogurt or buttermilk may help Monitor I/O Falsely elevated creatinine Preg Cat B
Side Effects:
N/V, Diarrhea, Rash, Anorexia
CEFPODOXIME
Vantin
Cephalosporins, 3rd
Treatment of respiratory tract, urinary tract, and skin infections, otitis media, and STD infections
Take for 10-14 days to prevent super infection
Give 1 or 2 hours after antacid
Give with food to promote absorption
Preg Cat B
Side Effects:
N/V, Diarrhea, Anorexia
Cough, Urticaria
CIPROFLOXACIN
Cipro
Fluoroquinolones Treatment of infection caused by E. Coli and other bacteria, chronic bacterial prostatitis, acute sinusitis, postexposure inhalation anthrax Contraindicated in children less than 18 Take 2 hr before or after antacid Avoid caffine Encourage fluids False positive in opiate screening tests Do not infuse with other medications Preg Cat C
Side Effects: Seizures, N/V, Diarrhea Abdominal distress, gas Rash, photosensitive Tendon rupture, muscle tear CNS Side effects
LEVOFLOXACIN
Levaquin
Fluoroquinolones
Treatment of infections like endocarditis, TB, anthrax, pneumonia, chronic bronchitis, and infections involving the sinus, urinary tract, kidney, prostate or skin
Infused injection over 60-90 minutes
Teach to avoid sunlamps and tanning beds and to limit time to sun
Avoid activities that require alertness or coordination
Monitor for hepatotoxicity
May increase suicidal thoughts
Monitor blood sugar
Notify immediately if change in heartbeat
Preg Cat C
Side Effects:
HA, N/V, Diarrhea, Constipation
Stomach pain, dizziness, heartburn, vaginal itching or discharge, tendon rupture
Irritation, pain, tenderness, redness, warmth, swelling at injection site
Seizures, confusion, rash, hallucination, paranoia
Angioedema
VANCOMYCIN
Vancocin
Glycopeptides
Treatment of resistant staph infections, colitis, endocarditis, C Diff
IV best absorption, 60 min
Give antihistamine for “red man syndrome” - Decreased blood pressure, flushing on face
Signs of super infection: sore throat, fever, fatigue
Preg Cat C
Side Effects:
Liver Damage, Nephrotoxicity, Tinnitus or hearing loss
CLINDAMYCIN HCL PHOSPHATE
Cleocin HCL, Cleocin Phosphate -IM
Lincosamides Treatment of infection caused by Staph, Strep and other organisms PO: peak 45 min, lasts 6 hr IM: peak 3 hr, lasts 8-12 Increase in AST, ALT, CPK Preg Cat B
Side Effects:
N/V, Diarrhea, Abdominal pain, Vaginitis, Rash, Jaundice
AZITHROMYCYIN
Zithromax
Macrolides
Treatment of mild to moderate infections of the respiratry tract, skin, non-gonococcal urethritis, cervicitis, acute pharyngitis, tonsillitis, community acquired pneumonia
PO: Rapid, peak 2.5-3.2hr, lasts 24hr, do not take with antacids, take with or w/o food
IV: Rapid, peak at end of infusion, lasts 24 hrs
Monitor signs of super infection
May need treatment for sexual partners
Preg Cat B
Side Effects: N/V, Diarrhea
CLARITHROMYCIN
Biaxin, Biaxin XL
Macrolides
Used for respiratory infections, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, sinusitis
Treatment may be 7-14 days
Take with food
Possible increase in theophylline and carbamazepine
Preg Cat C
Side Effects:
Nausea, taste abnormalities, diarrhea, dyspepsia, HA
ERTHYOMYCIN
Ery-Tab, Erythrocin
Macrolides
Treatment of infections, including clamydia, syphilis
PO: Avoid citrus juice, take with full glass of water, peak 4 hours, lasts 6-12
IV: Rapid onset, peak end of infusion, lasts 6-12
Take at equal intervals around the clock
Monitor signs of renal function
Can be used in patients with compromised renal function
Preg Cat B
Side Effects:
Abdominal cramps, pain at injection site, N/V, Diarrhea, Rash, anaphylaxis
AMOCILLIN, AMPICILLIN, PENICILLIN
Penicillins
Treatment of repsiratroy infections, scarlet fever, otitis media, pneumonia, skin and soft tissue infections, gonorrhea
Take careful hx of penicillin reaction, observe 20 min
Take equally divided doses around the clock
Continue medication for entire time prescribed
Check for hypersensitivity to other drugs
Preg Cat B
Side Effects:
Allergic reactions: fever, difficulty breathing, skin rash
Renal, hepatic, hematologic abnormalities
N/V, Diarrhea
TRIMETHOPRIM- SULFAMETHOXAZOLE
Bactrim, Septra
Sulfonamides
Treatment of UTI, chancroid, acute otitis media, acute and chronic prostatitis, shigellosis, pneumonitis, chronic bronchitis, traveler’s diarrhea
PO: take with full glass of water, take with food if upset stomach, take equal intervals around the clock
IV: solution must be given slowly over 60-90 minutes, flush at end
Monitor hypersensitivity
NEVER IM
Encourage fluids
Preg Cat C
Side Effects:
Hypersensitivity reaction, Blood Dyscrsias, photosensitive, N/V,
anorexia, Stomatitis, abdominal pain
DOXYCYCLINE HYCLATE
Vibramycin, Vibra-Tabs
Tetracyclines
Treatment of syphilis, clamydia, gonorrhea, chronic periodontitis, acne, anthrax, malaria prophylaxis
Peak 1.5-4hr
If upset stomach, admin with food, NO MILK PRODUCTS, or HIGH IN CA
Take with full glass of water, DO NOT take within 1 hr of bed, or reclining
Check tongue for infection
Avoid prolonged exposure to sunlight or UV light
Avoid during tooth and early development (4mo prenantal - 8 years)
Anticoagulant therapy may be needed
Preg Cat D
Side Effects:
Photosensitive, GI upset, diarrhea, renal, hepatic, hematologic abnormalities, dental discoloration of baby teeth
MINOCYCLINE HCL
Minocin
Tetracyclines
Treatment of clamydia, periodonitis, acne, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, respiratory tract infectioms, meningitis
Peak 2-3 hr
If upset stomach, admin with food, NO MILK PRODUCTS, or HIGH IN CA
Take with full glass of water, DO NOT take within 1 hr of bed, or reclining
Check tongue for infection
Avoid prolonged exposure to sunlight or UV light
Avoid during tooth and early development (4mo prenantal - 8 years)
Preg Cat D
Side Effects:
Photosensitive, GI upset, diarrhea, renal, hepatic, hematologic abnormalities, dental discoloration of baby teeth
