ANTI-INFECTIVES Flashcards
1
Q
father of ANTISEPTIC surgery
A
Joseph Lister
2
Q
father of MODERN chemotherapy
A
Paul Ehrlich
3
Q
what did Joseph Lister use in sugery and post-traumatic infections or “ward fever”
A
phenol / carbolic acid
4
Q
worked on antibacterial dyes, organo-arsenicals (tx for syphilis, and the so-called “magic bullets”
A
Paul Ehrlich
5
Q
major tenet or principle of MODERN ANTIMICROBIAL THERAPY
A
selective toxicity
6
Q
a property of a certain medicinal agent to kill one type of pathogenic microorganisms without harming the host’s cell
A
selective toxicity
7
Q
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
- most successful anti-infective agents were based on Group IIB and Group VA elements
A
1920
8
Q
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
most successful anti-infective agents were based on ____ and ____ elements
A
Group IIB (mercury) and Group VA (arsenic, antimony)
9
Q
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
used for sleeping sickness
A
Atoxyl
(Sodium arsanilate and arsphenamine)
10
Q
substances that destroys or kill microorganisms that causes infection
A
ANTI-INFECTIVES
11
Q
- compounds that is used locally to kill microorganism
- aka local anti-infective agents
A
GERMICIDES
12
Q
A
13
Q
-cidal
A
kill
14
Q
-static
A
prevent growth
15
Q
agents that prevents the transmission of infection by the destruction of pathogenic microorganisms when applied to INANIMATE OBJECTS
A
DISINFECTANT
16
Q
the ratio of a dilution of a given test disinfectant to the dilution of phenol required to kill a given strain of SALMONELLA TYPHI
A
PHENOL COEFFICIENT
17
Q
Phenol coefficient the ratio of a dilution of a given test disinfectant to the dilution of phenol required to kill a given strain of ____
A
Salmonella typhi
18
Q
the antibacterial activity of alcohol increases with increasing molecular weight until the ____ carbon only
A
8th
19
Q
SARs of ALCOHOLS
____ decreases solubility
A
branching
20
Q
SARs of ALCOHOLS
organism used to test the antibacterial property
A
Staphylococcus aureus
21
Q
SARs of ALCOHOLS
the ability of alcohols against MO is the result of their ability to ____ and CHO by destroying the primary structure of proteins
A
denature important proteins
22
Q
ALCOHOLS
- pertains to ETHANOL
- clear, colorless, volatile liquid with a burning taste and a characteristic odor
- fermentation product of grain and other carbohydrate containing sources
- most widely used RECREATIONAL drug
- undergoes a series of oxidation-reduction reactions in vivo
A
ALCOHOL 95%
23
Q
ALCOHOLS
synonyms
A
Ethyl alcohol
Ethanol
Wine spirit
24
Q
ALCOHOLS
responsible for the “HANGOVER”
A
acetaldehyde
25
# **ALCOHOLS**
inihibits **aldehyde** dehydrogenase
DISULFIRAM
26
# **ALCOHOLS**
effects of **acetaldehyde**
N&V, vasodilatory flushing
27
# **ALCOHOLS**
**catalyst** in the hydration of ethylene
H2SO4
28
# **ALCOHOLS**
ethanol that has been rendered "**UNFIT FOR USE**" in intoxicating beverages by the addition of other substances
DENATURED ALCOHOL
29
# **ALCOHOLS**
a **denatured alcohol** that contains **methanol** and **bnezene** that is **UNSUITABLE** for **external** and **internal use**
COMPLETELY DENATURED ALCOHOL
30
# **ALCOHOLS**
ethanol that is **treated** with one or more substances to be used in **tinctures, MW, lotions** and **extraction purposes**
SPECIALLY DENATURED ALCOHOL
31
# **ALCOHOLS**
* **absolute ethanol**
* contains NLT 99% of w/w, prepared by **azeotropic distillation** of ethanol-benzene mixture
* used in **pain** in **carcinoma**, **neuralgias**, and as **chemical reagent** or **solvent**
DEHYDRATED ETHANOL
32
# **ALCOHOLS**
* **2-propanol** or **propan-2-ol**
* **slightly** bitter tase
* **91% v/v** of isopropanol
* use to **cleanse** the skin and **disinfect** surgical apparatus/instruments
* **rapidly bactericidal** in concentration range of **50%-95%** at 40% give equal antiseptic property to 60% alcohol
* prepared by **hydration** of **propylene** with **H2SO4** as catalyst
ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL
33
# **ALCOHOLS**
synonyms for **isopropyl alcohol**
2-propanol
propan-2-ol
34
# **ALCOHOLS**
used in **gauze pads**
AZEOTROPIC ISORPROPYL ALCOHOL, USP
35
# **ALCOHOLS**
**susbtitute** for ethanol
isopropyl
36
**mercury** needs ____ to be eliminated
chelating agent
37
**antidote** for **arsenic** poisoning
British anti-Lewisite (BAL)
38
**limitations** of heavy metals
neurotoxicity
39
it measures the **antiseptic property**
phenol coefficient
40
common **targets** of drugs
nucleus
cell wall, murein/peptidoglycan
cytoplasmic membrane
cytoplasm
41
targets **genetic make up**
pancidal
42
most effective type of **ALCOHOLS**
primary
43
which is more effective between **ethyl** and **propyl**
ethyl
44
which is more effective between **isopropyl** and **ethyl**
isopropyl
45
can cause **disulfiram-like** reaction
metronidazole
46
# **USES OF ALCOHOL**
EXternal use
antiseptic
preservative
mild counterirritant
solvent
47
# **USES OF ALCOHOL**
RUBBING alcohol
astringent
rubefacient
mild local anesthetic
48
# **USES OF ALCOHOL**
INternal use
mild sedative
weak vasodilator
carminative
49
# **ALCOHOLS**
100mL
**13%** alc/vol
sparkling wine
wine
50
# **ALCOHOLS**
**425**mL
**2.7%** alc/vol
light beer
51
# **ALCOHOLS**
**285**mL
**4.9%** alc/vol
regular beer
52
# **ALCOHOLS**
**60**mL
**20%** alc/vol
fortified wine
53
# **ALCOHOLS**
**30**mL
**40%** alc/vol
spirits
54
# **ALCOHOLS**
* used in **sterilizing plastic**, effectively **destroy** all forms of life
* **carcinogenic** and **extremely toxic**
* **non-selective alkylating agent**
* colorless, flammable gas, used to sterilize **temperature sensitive** medical equipmnet and certain pharmaceuticals that **cannot be autoclaved**
* commercial product: **Oxirane**, **Carboxide**
* MOA: **alkylation** of **functional groups** in nucleic acids and proteins by **nucleophilic** **opening of the oxide**
ETHYLENE OXIDE
C2H4O
55
**ethylene oxide** is a ____ agent
non-selective alkylating agent
56
# **ETHYLEEN OXIDE**
* **gas sterilant**
* long term use can cause **cancer**
OXIRANE
57
* contains **NLT 37% w/v HCHO** with methanol
* **miscible** in water and alcohol
* **cloudy** at RT
* **embalming agent**, **deodorant**, **antiseptic**
* **gas preparation** - disinfectant for rooms, clothes and instruments
* **direct** and **non-specific alkylation** of the nucleophilic functional groups of proteins and nucleic acids forming **carbinols**
FORMALDEHYDE
(Formol , formalin)
58
# **ALDEHYDE**
why is **methanol** added to formaldehyde
to retard polymerization
59
MOA of **formaldehyde**
direct and non-specific alkylation of nucleophilic functional groups of proteins & nucleic acids
60
# **ALDEHYDE**
**Formaldehyde** should be stored in what **temperature** to **avoid cloudiness**
15C
61
* aka **Glutarol**
* used as **sterilizing solution** for equipment and instruments that **cannot be autoclaved**
GLUTARALDEHYDE DISINFECTANT SOLUTION
62
# **PHENOLS**
substitution with **aklyl**, **aryl**, and **halogen** in ____ **increases bactericidal properties**
PARA position
63
# **PHENOLS**
presence of ____ **enhances bactericidal activity** more than branched groups
straight chain alkyl groups
64
# **PHENOLS**
____ and ____ are **LESS TOXIC** than parent compounds while retaining bactericidal properties
alkylated phenols and resorcinol
65
# **PHENOLS**
immediate **antidote**
glycerin
66
67
* a **general protoplasmic poison**
* acts on **cell membrance** and **inactivates INTRACYTOPLASMIC ENZYMES** forming unstable complexes
* the **lipophilic** part of the molecule is **trapped** by the membrane phospholipids
* **denature bacterial proteins** (cidal effect) at **low concentrations**
* **lysis** of bacterial cell membrane occurs at **higher concentrations**
PHENOLS
68
# **PHENOLS**
acts on ____
cell membrane
69
# **PHENOLS**
**inactivates** ____
intracytoplasmic enzymes
70
# **PHENOLS**
____ at **LOW** concentrations
denature bacterial proteins
71
# **PHENOLS**
____ at **HIGHER** concentrations
lysis of bacterial cell membrane
72
substances that if a **healthy** living cell is **exposeed** to in significant amounts, the **cell** will be **adversely affected**, **damaged**, or **killed**
PROTOPLASMIC POISONS
73
* introduced by **Joseph Lister (1867)** as surgical alcoholic antiseptic
* used as the standard to which **most germicides** are compared
* it is a **colorless** to **pale-pink crystalline** with characteristic **medicinal odor**
* a general **protoplasmic poison**
PHENOL
74
# **PHENOLS**
used to treat ** mild itchiness (pruritus)**
Phenolated calamine lotion
75
# **PHENOLS**
used as **general antiseptic**
phenol-glycerin
76
# **PHENOLS**
* phenol with **10%** water
* pharmaceutical aid
LIQUEFIED phenol
77
# **PHENOLS**
* phenol coefficient of **4**
* used in **combination** with **camphor** in **liquid petrolatum**
* used **externally** as **antiseptic** and **anti-irritant**
p-chlorophenol
78
# **PHENOLS**
* **nonirritating** antiseptic with **broad spectrum** antibacterial and anti-fungal properties
* available as **shampoo** which is used for the treatment of **fungal infection**
p-chloro-m-xylenol
79
# **PHENOLS**
* a **white** to **light tan crystalline** powder
* a **bisphenolic**, **more potent** than monophenolic
* **easily absorbed** onto skin and even sebaceous glands
* uses **2%-3%** in **soaps**, **detergent creams**, **lotions**, and **shampoo**
* effective against **GRAM POSITIVE** but **RESISTANT** to **GRAM NEGATIVE**
* can cause **neurologic toxicity** in **infants** and in **burn patients**
HEXACHLOROPHENE
80
# **PHENOLS | HEXACHLOROPHENE**
how many **%** in soaps, detergent creams, lotions, and shampo
2%-3%
81
# **PHENOLS | HEXACHLOROPHENE**
**effective** against ____
gram POSITIVE
82
# **PHENOLS | HEXACHLOROPHENE**
**resistant** to ____
gram NEGATIVE
83
# **PHENOLS | HEXACHLOROPHENE**
side effect
neurologic toxicity to infants & burn patients
84
# **PHENOLS**
* aka **methylphenol**
* phenol coefficient: **2.5**
* **yellow** to **brownish-yellow** liquid that has a characteristic **creosote** odor
* obtained from **coal tar** or **petroleum** by **alkaline extraction** into aqueous medium, acidification, and fractional distillation
* **antiseptic** and **disinfectant**
* **unpleasant odor**
CRESOL, NF
85
# **PHENOLS**
* **4-chloro-3-methyl-phenol**
* colorless crystal and used as a **preservative**
CHLOROCRESOL
86
# **PHENOLS**
* **4-allyl-2-methylphenol**
* obtained from **CLOVE**, a **pale yellow** liquid with **strong aroma** and **pungent taste** used as **local anesthetic** and **antiseptic**
EUGENOL
87
# **PHENOLS**
* **isopropyl m-cresol**
* antifungal for the treatment of **Tinea capitis**, **Tinea corpus**
THYMOL
88
# **PHENOLS**
* **m-dihydroxybenzene**
* white **needle-like** crystals or amorphous powder
* **less stable** in **alkaline** pH
* **weak antiseptic** (PC of **0.4**), **keratolytic** agent
RESORCINOL
89
good and effective against **ANAEROBIC** microorganism and in **cleaning CONTAMINATED WOUNDS**
oxidizing agents
90
MOA:
* depend upon **liberation** of **oxygen** (peroxide) in the tissues and their ability to **denature proteins** (permanganates)
OXIDIZING AGENTS
91
# **PHENOLS**
* **4-allyl-2-methylphenol**
* white crystals with **faint phenolic odor** and has **astringent taste** (numbness); PC of **98**
* antiseptic, local anesthetic, surfactant
HEXYLRESORCINOL
92
# **OXIDIZING AGENTS**
% of **peroxide** that is common in markets
3%
93
# **OXIDIZING AGENTS**
higher % of peroxides is used as
bleach
94
# **OXIDIZING AGENTS**
what **breaks down** peroxidase
catalase (peroxidases)
95
# **OXIDIZING AGENTS**
* **Gly-Oxide**
* **stable** complex of **UREA** (from proteins) and **hydrogen peroxide** (12.6%) in anhydrous glycerin
* **releases** hydrogen peroxide when mixxed with water
* effective in treating **oral ulcerations**
CARBAMIDE PEROXIDE TOPICAL SOLUTION
96
# **OXIDIZING AGENTS**
* white **granular** powder, **explosive** (pure); **addition** of **30% water** to make it **safer**
* **5-10%**: keratolytic, keratogenic, tx of acne caused by **propionic bacterium**
* **induce proliferation** of epithelial cells leading to **sloughing** and **repair**
HYDROUS BENZOYL PEROXIDE
97
# **OXIDIZING AGENTS**
**cannot** be used in **pure form**, must be in **low** concentrations only
HYDROUS BENZOYL PEROXIDE
98
# **OXIDIZING AGENTS**
HYDROUS BENZOYL PEROXIDE:
**%** concentration used as keratolytic, keratogenic, and tx of acne
5-10%
99
# **HALOGEN COMPOUNDS**
**OLDEST** and one of the **most effective** and **useful germicide**
| (Egyptian era)
ELEMENTAL IODINE
100
# **HALOGEN COMPOUNDS**
* complexes of iodine with **non-ionic** and **cationic surfactants** while retaining the germicidal property and **reducing** the **volatility** and **irritant** property of **iodine**
IODOPHORS
101
# **HALOGEN COMPOUNDS**
**poorly** soluble in water
IODINE
102
# **HALOGEN COMPOUNDS**
what should be **added** to IODINE to **increase solubility** in water
Sodium iodide
Potassium iodide
| SOLUBILIZING AGENTS
103
# **HALOGEN COMPOUNDS**
composition of **LUGOL'S** solution
< 5% iodine
104
# **HALOGEN COMPOUNDS**
composition of **IODINE** solution
2% iodine in water
105
# **HALOGEN COMPOUNDS**
composition of **iodine TINCTURE**
2% iodine in 50% alcohol
106
# **HALOGEN COMPOUNDS**
MOA:
* **PROTEIN INACTIVATION** by **iodination** of phenylalanyl anf tyrosyl residues; **oxidation** of -SH groups
IODINE
107
# **HALOGEN COMPOUNDS**
* an **iodophor**
* complex of iodine with **PVP**
* the complex is **extremely water souluble** and **release iodine SLOWLY**, non-toxic, non-volatile, and non-staining to the skin or wounds
POVIDONE-IODINE
108
# **HALOGEN COMPOUNDS**
**Betadine** is ____% of iodine
10%
109
# **HALOGEN COMPOUNDS**
**hypochlorite** and **chloramine** + **water**
water disinfectant
potable water
110
# **HALOGEN COMPOUNDS**
MOA:
* **chlorination** (oxidation) of amide nitrogen (peptide bond) atoms in protein and oxidation of sulfyhydryl
CHLORINE
111
# **HALOGEN COMPOUNDS**
* **p-dichlorosulfamoylbenozoic acid**
* white crystalline, **photosensitive** with**faint** chlorine odor
* in **pellet** form
HALAZONE
112
# **HALOGEN COMPOUNDS**
use of sodium salt
| HALAZONE
water disinfectant
113
# **HALOGEN COMPOUNDS**
* **N,N-dichlorodicarbonamidine**
* **bright yellow** crytsalline solid with a faint chlorine odor
* **insoluble** in water and in organic solvents
* **unstable** to light and heat
CHLOROAZODIN
114
# **HALOGEN COMPOUNDS**
used for **wound dressing**
| CHLOROAZODIN
glyceryltriacetate
115
# **HALOGEN COMPOUNDS**
* complex of sodium salt of **dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid** and **HClO**
* white powder with a faint chlorine odor
* combines germicidal properties of HOCl with the mulsifying, wetting and keratolytic actions of anionic detergent
* USES: **broad spectrum** (G+ & G-), removal of **necrotic tissue**, counteract **odorous discharges**, irritant and disinfect **cysts** and **fistulas**
OXYCHLOROSENE SODIUM
116
* quaternary ammonium compounds taht **ionize** in **water** and exhibit **surface active properties**
* ends on **"-onium"** or **"-inium"**, **water-soluble**, non-staining, non-corrosive, manifest low toxicity
* has a **polar head** and **lipophilic tail**
* has bactericidal action against a **broad spectrum** bacteria, fungi, and protozoa
CATIONIC SURFACTANTS
117
MOA:
* **lower** down the **interfacial tension**
CATIONIC SURFACTANTS
118
# **CATIONIC SURFACTANTS**
* occurs as white gel, soluble in water, alcohol, and organic solvents
* aqueous solution are colorless, slightly alkaline and **very foamy**
* **modern** day gamot na pula
BENZALKONIUM CHLORIDE
119
# **CATIONIC SURFACTANTS**
BENZALKONIUM CHLORIDE:
**antiseptic**
1:750 to 1:2000
120
# **CATIONIC SURFACTANTS**
BENZALKONIUM CHLORIDE:
**irrigation**
1:2000 to 1:40000
121
# **CATIONIC SURFACTANTS**
* detergent
* emulsifying agent
* wetting agentgiven with **NaNO3** for preservative action
BENZALKONIUM CHLORIDE
122
# **CATIONIC SURFACTANTS**
BENZALKONIUM CHLORIDE:
**with sodium nitrate as PRESERVAATIVE**
1:1750 TO 1:5000
123
# **CATIONIC SURFACTANTS**
* **1-hexadecylpyridinium chloride**
* white powder that is **very soluble** in water and alcohol
* USES: general antiseptic for skin, laceration, irrigation, and available as **throat lozenges** and MW
CETYLPYRIDINIUM CHLORIDE
124
# **CATIONIC SURFACTANTS**
* mixture of **methylated derivatives** of **methylbenzothonium chloride**
* used to control **DIAPER RASH** caused by bacterium **ammoniagenes** which **liberates ammonia** in **decomposed urine**
METHYLBENZETHONIUM CHLORIDE
125
# **CATIONIC SURFACTANTS**
* a colorless crystalline powder that is **soluble** in water, alcohol, and most organic solvents
* similar to **Benzaolkonium chloride**
BENZETHONIUM CHLORIDE
126
# **CATIONIC SURFACTANTS**
* **most effective** of a series of **antibacterial biguanides**
* **broad spectrum** antibacterial activity (**inactive** agains **acid fast** bacteria, spores, and viruses)
CHLORHEXIDINE GLUCONATE
127
* active against **gram +** microorganisms and **inactivating fungi**
* **G-** are **resistant**
* forms **colorless leucobase** under **alkaline** condition
CATIONIC DYES
128
129
**noncolored** substances that **gives off color** under specific conditions
leucobase
130
131
# **DYES**
used in **mumps**
Gentian violet
132
# **DYES**
combined w/ **phenol**
basic fuchsin
133
# **DYES**
used in **replacing** water in aquarium
methylene blue
134
# **DYES**
Gentian violet
Basic fuchsin
triphenylmethane dye
135
# **DYES**
methylene blue
thiazine dye
136
# **DYES**
* **hexamethyl-p-rosaniline chloride**
* aka **crystal violet, methyl violet, methylrosaniline chloride**
* available as **green** powder or **green** flakes with **metallic sheen**
* USE: **vaginal suppository** or **pessaries**, tx of **ringworm** and **yeast** infection, **anthelmintic** for threadworm and pinworm
GENTIAN VIOLET
137
# **DYES**
GENTIAN VIOLET:
**%** concentration for the tx of **ringworm** and **yeast** infection
1-3%
138
# **DYES**
* mixture of chlorides of rasniline and p-rosaniline
* **green** crystalline powder with a **metallic appearance**
* component of **Carbol-fuchsin** solution (Castellani's paint)
BASIC FUCHSIN
139
# **DYES**
Castellani's paint
Carbol-fuchsin soln
140
# **DYES**
synonyms for GENTIAN VIOLET
crystal violet
methyl violet
methylrosaniline chloride
141
# **DYES**
* **dark green** powder with **metallic appearance**
* can cause **methemoglobinemia**; can **tint** the **urine** and **stool** **bluegreen**
* **ANTIDOTE** for **CYANIDE** and **NITRATE** poisoning
METHYLENE BLUE
142
# **DYES**
**Methylene blue** can cause
methemoglobinemia
143
# **DYES**
antidote for **CYANIDE** nad **NITRATE** poisoning
methylene blue
144
* local anti-infective and tx of **SYHPHILIS**
* SAR: **organic** moieties **increase lipid solubility**, render the compound **bacteriostatic**
* MOA: reacts with the -SH of enzymes and other proteins by forming R-S-Hg-R
MERCURIALS
elemental mercury
145
# **MERCURIALS**
* **yellow** powder, **insoluble** in water, non-irritating and non-staining
* MOA: formation of **covalent compounds**
NITROMERSOL
146
# **MERCURIALS**
* **previous** active composition of **merthiolate** or "gamot na pula"
* **cream colored**, water-soluble powder, non-staining and non-irritating to tissues
* **weakly bacteriostatic** agent
THIMEROSAL
147
# **MERCURIALS**
* contains **mercurochrom**, which is responsible for its **red-orange** color
MERBROMIN
148
# **MERCURIALS**
what gives off the **red-orange** color of MERBROMIN
mercurochrom
149
* prevents **contamination**
* effective at **low** concentration against possible microorganisms (<1% concentrations)
* **non toxic**
* **compatible** with other ingredients
* **stable** for the **shelf life** of the products
* must be **potent**
PRESERVATIVES
150
# **PRESERVATIVES**
* useful **antifungal** preservative for **liquid dosage forms**
* has **low** toxicity
* SAR: **increase** activity as **MW increases**
PARABENS
151
# **PRESERVATIVES**
esters of **p-hydrobenzoic acid**
PARABENS
152
# **PRESERVATIVES**
* **methyl-p-hydroxybenzoate**
* white crystalline powders
* for **MOLDS**
methylparaben
153
# **PRESERVATIVES**
* **propyl-p-hydroxybenzoate**
* white crystalline powder
* for **YEAST**
propYlparaben
154
# **PRESERVATIVES**
**n-buty-p-hydroxybenzoate**
butyparaben
155
# **PRESERVATIVES**
**ethyl-p-hydroxybenzoate**
ethylparaben
156
# **PRESERVATIVES**
product of **hydrolysis** of **PABA**
| p-aminobenzoic acid
PARABENS
157
# **PRESERVATIVES**
* **0.1-0.5%**: **bacteriostatic** agent for **injections**, **opthalmic** use, and **intranasal** administration
* white crystalline solid with a **camphor-like aroma**
* **unstable** when **heated**
CHLOROBUTANOL
158
# **PRESERVATIVES**
CHLOROBUTANOL:
**%** concentration as **bacteriostatic** agent in injections, ophthalmic use, and intranasal administration
0.1-0.5%
159
# **PRESERVATIVES**
* **clear liquid** with an **aromatic odor**
* commonly used for **vials** for injectable drugs in **1-4% water** or **saline** solution
BENZYLALCOHOL
160
# **PRESERVATIVES**
* **Orange** oil, **Rose** oil
* used in **PERFUMERY**
PHENYLETHYL ALCOHOL
161
# **PRESERVATIVES**
* ____ are **naturally occuring** in **GUM BENZOIN** and in **PERU** and **TOLU balsams**
* white crystalline solid that **slowly sublimes** at RT
Benzoic acid and its esters
162
# **PRESERVATIVES**
* preservative of choice for **FRESH FRUIT JUICES**
* white crystalline solid
* preservative in **acidic liquid preparation**
SODIUM BENZOATE
163
# **PRESERVATIVES**
* **transparent** colorless crystals
* antifungal preservative
SODIUM PROPIONATE
164
# **PRESERVATIVES**
* effective antifungal preservative especially in preparations **containing SUGAR**
SORBIC ACID
165
# **PRESERVATIVES**
* preservative in injectable drugs, **bacteriostatic efficacy** is **reduced** in the **presence** of **SERUM**
Phenylmercuric NITRATE
166
# **PRESERVATIVES**
**short chain acids** must be in what FORM to be able to use as preservatives
salt form
167
# **PRESERVATIVES**
* occurs as **WHITE PRISMS**
Phenylmercuric ACETATE
168
# **HALOGEN COMPOUNDS**
____ and its products are used mainly as **WATER DISINFECTANT**
CHLORINE
169
# **HALOGEN COMPOUNDS**
CHLORINE is dissolved in water releasing ____
HCl + HOCl
170
# **MERCURIALS**
TWO CLASSES OF ORGANOMERCURIALS:
* does **not** **IONIZE READILY**
compounds with ATLEAST **one** carbon-mercury
171
# **MERCURIALS**
TWO CLASSES OF ORGANOMERCURIALS:
* compounds with MERCURY **bonded** to ____
heteroatoms
