Anti-bacterial list - Week 1 Flashcards by Kelsey Morton

amoxicillin

Class: B-lactam.

Mechanism: cell wall synthesis inhibitor: beta-lactam.

Adverse effects: Allergic reaction.

Related: ampicillin, piperacillin, ticarcillin.

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cefazolin

Class: B-lactam.

Mechanism: cell wall synthesis inhibitor: beta-lactam.

Adverse effects: Allergic reaction.

Related: cephalexin

Note: 1st gen cephalosporin.

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ceftaroline

Class: B-lactam.

Mechanism: cell wall synthesis inhibitor: beta-lactam.

Adverse effects: Allergic reaction.

Related: cefepime

Note: 4/5th generation cephalosporins; ceftaroline approved for MRSA

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ceftriaxone

Class: B-lactam.

Mechanism: cell wall synthesis inhibitor: beta-lactam.

Adverse effects: Allergic reaction.

Related: cefotaxime, ceftazamide.

Note: 3rd generation cephalosporin

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clavulanic acid

Class: Inhibitor of beta-lactamase.

Note: No anti-biotic effect on its own.

Related: sulbactam, tazobactam

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nafcillin

Class: B-lactam.

Mechanism: cell wall synthesis inhibitor: beta-lactam.

Adverse effects: Allergic reaction.

Note: Resistant to penicillinase.

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meropenem

Class: B-lactam.

Mechanism: cell wall synthesis inhibitor: beta-lactam.

Adverse effects: Allergic reaction. Seizure w/ carbapenams.

Related: (carbapenems): imipenem-cilastin, ertapenem, aztreonam (monobactam=aztreonam)

Note: resistant to most beta-lactamases, cilastin inhibits renal metab. of imipenem

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penicillin G

Class: B-lactam.

Mechanism: cell wall synthesis inhibitor: beta-lactam.

Adverse effects: Allergic reaction.

Related: Penicillin V

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vancomycin

Class: B-lactam.

Mechanism: cell wall synthesis inhibitor: blocks transglycosylation and elongation of peptidoglycan chain

Adverse effects: “red man syndrome” flushing caused by rapid iv administration

Note: MRSA active, oral for C.diff.

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beta-lactams

amoxicillin, cefazolin, ceftaroline, ceftriaxone, nafcillin, meropenem, penicillin G.

Vancomycin: blocks transglycosylation (other’s block transpeptidase)

clavulanic acid: beta-lactamase inhibitor

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chloramphenicol

Class: protein synthesis inhibitors

Mechanism: protein synthesis inhibitor, 50S

Adverse effects: bone marrow depression, aplastic anemia

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clindamycin

Class: protein synthesis inhibitors

Mechanism: protein synthesis inhibitor, 50S

Adverse effects: superinfection

Note: MRSA active

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doxycycline/tetracyclines

Class: protein synthesis inhibitors

Mechanism: protein synthesis inhibitor, 30S

Adverse effects: incorporates into teeth and bones, photosensitive.

Related: minocycline, tigecycline

Note: some tetracyclines (e.g. doxycycline and tigecycline) are MRSA active

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erythromycin macrolides

Class: protein synthesis inhibitors

Mechanism: protein synthesis inhibitor, 50S

Adverse effects: epigastric distress

Related: azithromycin, clarithromycin

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gentamicin aminoglycosides

Class: protein synthesis inhibitors

Mechanism: protein synthesis inhibitor, 30S

Adverse effects: nephron and oto toxicity

Related: (aminoglycosides): amikacin, tobramycin, streptomycin, neomycin

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linezolid

Class: protein synthesis inhibitors

Mechanism: protein synthesis inhibitor, 50S

Adverse effects: thrombocytopenia (deficiency of platelets in the blood. This causes bleeding into the tissues, bruising, and slow blood clotting after injury.)

Note: MRSA active

pyrazinamide

Class: protein synthesis inhibitors

Mechanism: binds ribosomes and interferes w/ translational regulation.

Adverse effects: polyarthralgia and hepatotoxicity.

Note: TB drug

30s inhibitors

Doxycycline, tetracyclines, minocycline, tigecycline.

Gentamicin aminoglycosides, amikacin, tobramycin, streptomycin, neomycin

Cidal anti-biotics

b-lactams 
aminoglycosides
fluoroquinolone
metronidazole 
vancomycin
streptogramins 
daptomycin

Static anti-biotics

clindamycin
macrolides
tetracyclines
sulfonamides
trimethoprim

B-lactams

amoxicillin (ampicillin; (antipseudomonal: piperacillin, ticarcillin))

cefazolin (cephalexin)

ceftaroline (cefepime)

ceftriaxone (cefotaxime, ceftazidime)

nafcillin (dicloxacillin, oxacillin, methicillin)

meropenem ((carbapenems): imipenem-cilastin, ertapenem, aztreonam (monobactam=aztreonam))

penicillin G (penicillin V)

Transglycosylation inhibitor (inhibits cell wall synthesis)

vancomycin

50S inhibitors

chloramphenicol

clindamycin

erythromycin macrocodes (azithromycin, clarithromycin)

linezolid

TB drugs

Rifampin (rifabutin)
Isoniazid
Pyrazinamide
Ethambutol

Folate pathway inhibitors

sulfamethoxazole (sulfisoxazole, sulfadiazine) - inhibits synthesis of dihydrofolic acid in folate pathway trimethoprim - inhibitor of DHFR (dihydrofolate reductase) in folate pathway

Fluoroquinolone's

ciprofloxacin | moxifloxacin, levofloxacin, gemifloxacin

sulfamethoxazole

Class: folate pathway inhibitor Mechanism: inhibits synthesis of dihydrofolic acid in folate pathway Note: Sulfa + trimeth almost always used together. active against MRSA

trimethoprim

Class: folate pathway inhibitor Mechanism: inhibitor of DHFR (dihydrofolate reductase) in folate pathway Note: Sulfa + trimeth almost always used together. active against MRSA

ciprofloxacin

Class: fluoroquinolones Mechanism: DNA gyrase-topoIV inhibitor Adverse effects: tendonitis, tendon rupture, peripheral neuropathy, CNS effects, prolong QT Related: (fluoroquinolones): moxifloxacin, levofloxacin, gemifloxacin

daptomycin

Mechanism: membrane disrupter Adverse effects: myopathy Notes: inactivated by pulmonary surfactants, MRSA active

ethambutol

Mechanism: inhibits arabinosyltransferases required for synthesis of cell wall component Adverse effects: visual disturbances Notes: TB drug

isoniazid

Mechanism: cell wall: inhibits FAS-II which is required for mycolic acid synthesis Adverse effects: pyridoxine deficiency(B6), neurotoxicity, hepatotoxicity Notes: TB drug

metronidazole

Mechanism: forms intermediates which then destroy DNA Adverse effects: headache, peripheral neuropathy, alcohol sensitivity Notes: useful for gut anaerobes

rifampin

Mechanism: RNA polymerase inhibitor Related: rifabutin Notes: TB drug, induces drug metabolizing P450s