Anthropometrics, Posture, Girth, LLD Measurements

Question 1

What is anthropometry?

Answer 1

Understanding of human physical variation.

Question 2

What are 4 industries in which anthropometrics play an important role?

Answer 2

• Clothing design
• Industrial design
• Ergonomics
• Architecture where body dimensions are used to optimize products

Question 3

What causes changes in anthropometric data?

Answer 3

Changes in:

• Nutrition
• Life styles
• Ethnic composition

Question 4

What is a measure that can be used to discuss weight based problems with patients?

Answer 4

Body Mass Index (BMI)

Question 5

What types of individuals should BMI be used to classify?

Answer 5

Sedentary individuals or those with an average body composition.

Question 6

What is an underweight, normal, overweight, and obese BMI?

Answer 6

Underweight: 30.0

Question 7

What is the general formula used to calculate BMI?

Answer 7

Weight/ height^2

Question 8

What is a commonly used instrument that measures body fat composition?

Answer 8

Skin Fold Caliper.

Question 9

Where is skin pinched when using a skin fold caliper?

Answer 9

3 - 9 anatomical sites.

Question 10

How should the caliper be used logistically?

Answer 10

1 cm below and at a right angle to pinch.

Question 11

What are 7 common sites of measurement for the skin fold caliper?

Answer 11

• biceps
• triceps
• calves
• thighs
• iliac crest
• subscapular
• abdominal

Question 12

What should be done to ensure accuracy of the skin fold caliper calculations?

Answer 12

Take the mean of 2 measures.

Question 13

What is “ideal” posture?

Answer 13

The alignment of the body’s segments that requires the least amount of energy to maintain position, and which puts the least amount of stress on the body’s tissues.

Question 14

What is lordosis?

Answer 14

• Excessive anterior curvature of the lumbar spine.

Question 15

What other postural abnormalities is lumbar lordosis typically paired with?

Answer 15

• Anterior pelvic tilt
• Scapular protraction
• Forward head

Question 16

What is kyphosis?

Answer 16

Excessive posterior curvature of the thoracic spine.

Question 17

What muscle group is tight in kyphosis?

Answer 17

Pectoralis group.

Question 18

What is flat back?

Answer 18

Decreased lumbar lordosis.

Question 19

What muscles are tight in flat back?

Answer 19

• Gluteus maximus

- Abdominal muscles

Question 20

What is sway back?

Answer 20

Flat back combined with kyphosis.

(posterior tilt of pelvis results in hip extension and T-spine kyphosis.

Question 21

How is the greater trochanter displaced in flat back?

Answer 21

Anteriorly past malleoli.

Question 22

What is dowager’s hump, and what is its cause?

Answer 22

• Excessive thoracic kyphosis
• Vertebral degeneration and anterior wedging usually due to osteoporosis
• Also weak trapezius

Question 23

What is torticollis?

Answer 23

• Head side bent and rotated to the opposite side.

Question 24

What causes torticollis, and in what populations is it common?

Answer 24

• Infants, or elderly

- Muscular or congenital damage to SCM

Question 25

What is scoliosis?

Answer 25

Lateral curvature of spin with rotation of vertebrae.

Question 26

By what is the type of scoliosis named?

Answer 26

• The side of convexity.

Question 27

What can cause scoliosis?

Answer 27

• Structural

- Non-structural (neuromuscular)

Question 28

What are the high and low tech methods of assessing posture?

Answer 28

High tech: Computerized

Low tech: Plumb line (weight suspended from ceiling)

Question 29

In what positions may a patient be assessed using a plumb line?

Answer 29

• Standing
• Seated
• Supine

Question 30

Should a patient who uses orthotics be evaluated with a plumb line with or without their orthotics?

Answer 30

With.

Question 31

How is a patient’s symmetry of posture evaluated?

Answer 31

• Statically

- Dynamically (does the patient’s alignment change when they move?)

Question 32

What is a partial mal-alignment of posture?

Answer 32

The patient can correct deviations when cued. This determines if the deviation is structural or funcitonal (injury, pain)

Question 33

What does the plumb line bisect from a sagittal view?

Answer 33

• Auditory meatus
• Odontoid process of C2
• C-spine vertebral bodies
• Center of GH joint
• Lumbar vertebral bodies
• Center of acetabulum
• Just posterior to patella
• Through tarsals of feet

Question 34

What anatomical landmarks should be evaluated using a plumb line?

Answer 34

• ASIS vs PSIS (ASIS lower than PSIS indicates anterior tilt)
• Greater trochanter
• Calcaneal pronation
• Leg hyperextension
• Stance width (heel to heel)
• Handedness (Dominant side lower usually)

Question 35

What are 4 purposes of measuring girth?

Answer 35

• Determines problems
• Assess progress
• Equipment ordering
• Motivational tool

Question 36

How should the girth of a joint be measured?

Answer 36

• Circumferential measurements using a tape measure
• 2 inches above and below
• Another measurement above and below
• Compare bilaterally

Question 37

What are 7 common reference points for girth measurement?

Answer 37

• Acromion
• Lateral/ medial epicondyle
• Radial/ ulnar styloids
• Ischium
• Greater trochanter
• Knee joint space
• Medial/ lateral malleolus

Question 38

Why do the landmarks used for limb length need to be documented?

Answer 38

Because there is typically no standard.

Question 39

From what position is limb length measured?

Answer 39

The anatomical position.

Question 40

What is real leg length?

Answer 40

ASIS to medial malleolus.

Question 41

What is apparent leg length?

Answer 41

Umbilicus to medial malleolus.

Question 42

How is the tibia measured?

Answer 42

Prone with knees bent.