Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

162 LEC 2 > Anthropometric Assessment > Flashcards

Anthropometric Assessment Flashcards

1
Q

Anthropometry is useful for the assessment of nutritional status at _____ and _____ levels

A

Individual and population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Anthropometric methods serve as a reliable proxy for ______

A

Human welfare constraints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Anthropometry is widely used to monitor _________

A

prevalent nutritional problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Anthropometry is considered the method of choice for ____________ in a clinical setting

A

Estimating body composition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the advantages of anthropometry?

A
  • Simple, safe, noninvasive
  • inexpensive, portable, and durable
  • Precise and accurate
  • Unskilled personnel can be trained
  • Can identify different degrees of malnutrition
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the disadvantages of anthropometry?

A
  • Cannot detect abrupt changes in nutritional status
  • Cannot detect specific nutrient deficiency
  • Can be affected by non-nutritional factors
  • prone to error
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are included in physical growth measurements?

A

○ Weight
○ Recumbent Length and Height
○ Head Circumference
○ Growth Indices
○ BMI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

In height and length, healthy adults are measured while ____ while infants (<2 years old) are measured while____

A

standing
lying down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Weight is mainly made up of _____

A

Muscle, fat, bone, and internal organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Serial measurements of weight can be used to detect ______ in children

A

Protein energy malnutrition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Weight measurement should be taken after bladder _____ prior to a ____

A

has been emptied, meal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Instruments for weight measurement

A

Digital Weighing Balance or Platform beam balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Pediatric Scale: Infants
_____: child or adult

A

Beam balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

In weight measurements, subjects should stand _____ in the _______ of the platform

A

unassisted, center

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the proper posture of weight measurement?

A

○ Lookstraight ahead
○ Standrelaxed but still
■ Arms hanging loosely at the sides
■ Palms facing the thighs and feet slightly apart
○ Minimal clothing
■ Pockets should be emptied

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Record of weights should be to the nearest ____

A

0.1 kg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

When is weighing by difference used?

A

When parent is holding child

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Height or length refers to the measurement of _____ or degree of skeletal development

A

linear growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Length is measured with the subject in a _____ using a length board

A

Supine position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Length is the term used for what age group?

A

Infants and young children below 2 yrs old

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Height is measure with the subject in a standing position using a _____-

A

stadiometer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Recumbent length is used for _______

A

Ages <2years old; or infants with length ≤ 85 cm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What instruments are used for recumbent length?

A

length board or a medical plastic infantometer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Standing height is measured using _________

A

stadiometer or microtoise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Length and height measurements should be recorded to the nearest _____

A

0.1 cm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Height and length requires _______ examiners

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Height and length should be evaluated with caution due to what factors?

A

Genetic and ethnic differences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Importance of Frankfort Plane

A

standardizes measurements and eliminates variations in posture and head tilt for more accurate readings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

The Frankfort plane is represented by a line between:

A
  • Lowest point on the margin of the orbit or the bony socket of the eye
  • Between the orbit of the eye and the tragion or the notch above the tragus or the cartilaginous projection just above the external opening of the ear
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

For recumbent length, subject should be placed ___

A

Upwards

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

In recumbent length, head should be on the ____ end, feet on the ___ end

A

Fixed, movable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Which leg should be used when the subject is restless?

A

Left

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Length is recorded to the nearest ___

A

mm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is done to record length of restless subject and mother intervention is not effective?

A

Tickle heel of leg leg to straighten

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

If the child bites, what is one strategy that one may use?

A

Sweet incentives (e.g. jellyace)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Height: Feet _____
Weight: Feet _____
(position)

A

Together, apart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Ensure that ________ are in contact with the vertical surface of the stadiometer

A

heels, buttocks, shoulder blades

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: It is okay to measure height of people with hair in a bun

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is parallax error?

A

happens when the measurement of the length of an object is less than its actual length

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

To account for diurnal variation, one should take note of _____

A

time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Diurnal variation is most observed during the first _______

A

two hours of the day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What alternative measurements are present?

A
  • Knee height
  • Lower leg length
  • Arm span and sitting height
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

When is knee height used?

A

For Children > 3 years old;
Adults (Bedridden or elderly patients)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Lower leg length is used for ___

A

infants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Arm span is useful for individuals with _________________

A

scoliosis, spinal deformities, or subjects that cannot stand straight or upright

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

The ratio of arm span to height is a ______ ratio

A

1:1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

The head circumference is the simplest and most inexpensive tool to assess the __________

A

development of CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

This measurement can be used to detect PEM during first 2 years or even Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IGR)

A

Head Circumference

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Head Circumference is useful for all ages

A

False, head circumference growth is slow beyond 2 years

50
Q

What are some nutritional factors influencing head circumference?

A
  • Disease
  • Genetic Variation
  • Cultural practices
51
Q

Head circumference-for-age can be used to detect

A
  • Chronic malnutrition during first few months of life
  • Intrauterine growth restriction
  • Can lead to malnutrition
52
Q

In head circumference measurement, the tape must be placed firmly just above the _______ and over the ______

A

supraorbital ridge (the most prominent part of the frontal bulge), occiput

53
Q

Measurements of HCM should be to the nearest ___

A

cm

54
Q

What are the different growth indices? 4 only

A
  • Weight-for-age
  • Weight-for-height
  • Height-for-age
  • HCM for age
55
Q

What is one limitation of weight-for-age

A

Cannot distinguish between stunting and wasting

56
Q

Weight-for-age: Underweight
Weight-for-height: _____

A

Wasting

57
Q

This growth index can measure chronic malnutrition

A

Height-for-age

58
Q

For growth indices z-scores, cutoffs are usually at ______

A

<-2 z-score and >+2 z-scores

59
Q

WHO Child Growth Standard Indicators

A

Length/height for age
Weight-for-age
Weight-for length/height
BMI-for-age
Head circumference-for-age
Arm circumference-for-age
Subscapular skinfold-for-age
Triceps

60
Q

The following z-scores are representative of what nutritional statuses?

> +2 z-score
<-2 z-score
<-3 z-score

A

Overnutrition
Undernutrition
Sever Undernutrition

61
Q

For weight-for-age, a <-2 z-score reflects both _______

A

Reflects both acute and chronic malnutrition

62
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: A <-2 Z-score for weight-for-height shows chronic weight loss

A

False, recent weight loss.

Weight-for-height is appropriate for evaluation of short-term

63
Q

For chronic malnutrition and poor health, what growth index should be used?

A

Height-for-age

64
Q

CFM-for-age should be based on _____ and be computed to the nearest _____

A

date of birth, nearest month

65
Q

For measurements of CFM, which is preferred, short term intervals or long term intervals?

A

Short term

66
Q

BMI is also called as ________

A

Quetelet’s Index

67
Q

What is one limitation of BMI?

A

Doesn’t distinguish between muscle or body fat

68
Q

WHO classification is used to evaluate _____

A

Nutritional Status

69
Q

When should Asia-Pacific BMI values should be used?

A

Prediction of further infections, diseases, or NCDs

70
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: BMI-for-age is used for children older than 2 years old

A

TRUE

71
Q

Enumerate the different assessments under Body fat assessment

A
  • Skinfolds
  • Wait-to-hip ration
  • Waist circumference
72
Q

Visceral fat is associated with ______

A

Higher risk of diseases

73
Q

For males, fat distribution is located on the ______

A

Upper body

74
Q

For females, fat distribution is located on the ____

A

Lower Body

75
Q

Android Obesity: _____
Gynoid Obesity: ______

Choices: Grape, Apple, Banana, Pear

A

Android: Apple
Gynoid: Pear

76
Q

What is the implication of android obesity?

A

Greater risk of heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, and stroke

77
Q

Total and regional fat can be estimated from ______

A

subcutaneous fat thickness

78
Q

In skinfold assessment, skinfolds are used to estimate ________ using a generalized or population-specific equation

A

percentage body fat

79
Q

The double fold of _____ between the tips of the skinfold caliper should be large enough to form approximately parallel sides.

A

skin and adipose tissue

80
Q

Instrument used for skinfold assessments

A

Precision Calipers

81
Q

Standard contact area for skinfold assessments

A

20-40 mm2

82
Q

In skinfold assessment, the measurement is obtained ___ seconds after placing the caliper tips on the skinfold

A

4 seconds

83
Q

The caliper tips are placed _______ distal to where the skinfold is grasped

A

1 cm distal

84
Q

What site is used for skinfold assessment of obese people?

A

Biceps

85
Q

Which is more used for skinfold assessment, biceps or triceps?

A

Triceps, since it is easier to measure

86
Q

The suprailiac site for skinfold assessment is useful for ___

A
  • Useful for detecting subcutaneous adipose tissue distribution
  • useful in detecting risk from different diseases
87
Q

Where is the suprailiac site located?

A

● Immediately superior to the iliac crest
● Diagonal fold just above the front
toward protrusion of the hipbone.
● Just above the iliac crest at the
mid-axillary line

88
Q

Formula for Waist-hip ratio

A

Waist circumference/hip circumference

89
Q

This body fast assessment is usually the recognition of central obesity

A

Waist-hip ratio

90
Q

What are the cut-off values for male and female WHR?

A

Male: WHR < 1
Female: WHR < 0.85

91
Q

Where is the waist measured?

A

midway between lower rib and iliac crest

92
Q

What are the requirements for waist-hip measurement?

A
  • Overnight fasting
  • minimal clothing
93
Q

Where is hip measured?

A

Widest point at buttocks

94
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Waist circumference is a better correlate of total abdominal fat content than WHR

A

True

95
Q

Waist circumference is more closely related to _____

A

abdominal obesity

96
Q

An individual is considered High-risk if their WC is :

A
  • ≥102 cm for men
  • ≥88 cm for women
97
Q

What are the steps for WC measurement?

A
  1. Locate the top of the right iliac crest
  2. Place a measuring tape in a horizontal plane around the abdomen at the level of the iliac crest
  3. Tape should be snug but should not compress the skin
  4. Take the reading at the end of a normal expiration
  5. Repeat
98
Q

This measurement is used to monitor progress during nutritional therapy

A

MUAC

99
Q

MUAC is used instead of weight apparatus /length board during _____

A

emergencies

100
Q

MUAC is used mainly in pregnant women due to _____

A

inability to obtain WH ratio or WC

101
Q

MUAC is measured to the nearest ____

A

cm

102
Q

What is the cut-off values for children for MUAC?

A

MAM: 11.5 -12.5 cm
SAM: <11.5

103
Q

What are the types of error present in anthropometry?

A

○ Random measurement errors and precision
○ Systematic measurement errors and accuracy
○ Errors from changes in tissue composition and properties
○ Invalid models and errors in body composition

104
Q

Random errors are due to ____

A

Chance <3

105
Q

Systematic errors are also known as

A

Bias

106
Q

Known as a consistent error in measurement

A

Systematic errors

107
Q

Precision is reduced by _____

A

Random errors

108
Q

Accuracy is reduced due to ___

A

systematic errors

109
Q

Poor precision reflects ____

A

within-examiner error

110
Q

Within-examiner error can be assessed through:

A

Technical error of the measurement (TEM)
Percentage technical error

111
Q

For coefficient of reliability, a value closer to 1 indicated _____ reliability

A

Higher reliability

112
Q

What is the proposed solution for a restless child?

A
  • Postpone measurement
  • involve parent in procedure
  • Use culturally appropriate procedures
113
Q

In length measurement, footwear/headwear must be removed until ________. If this happens, examiner should make ____

A

Culture permits, allowances

114
Q

What arm should be used for arm circumference?

A

Left arm

115
Q

Factors that contribute to systematic errors

A
  • Equipment bias
  • Timing
116
Q

Physiological changes which may lead to error

A
  • Hydration status
  • Variations in compressibility and skin thickness with age
  • Decreased density of fat-free mass in elderly
117
Q

When do invalid models and errors in body composition arise?

A

When incorrect assumptions in the derivation of body composition from anthropometric measurements are made

118
Q

What are the key factors in invalid models and errors in body composition?

A
  • Invalid assumptions
  • Use of incorrect reference data
119
Q

How to avoid errors?

A
  • Calibrate instruments
  • Read measurements properly
  • Record results immediately
  • Make sure participants are ready
  • One measurer per measurement
  • Use appropriate reference data and classification data
  • Take note of conditioning factors
120
Q

Proper reading of measurements help avoid ________

A

Parallax error

121
Q

To eliminate interexaminer effect, one should ____

A

Use one anthropometry measurer per measurement

162 LEC 2 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions