Anthropometric Assessment Flashcards
1
Q
Anthropometry is useful for the assessment of nutritional status at _____ and _____ levels
A
Individual and population
2
Q
Anthropometric methods serve as a reliable proxy for ______
A
Human welfare constraints
3
Q
Anthropometry is widely used to monitor _________
A
prevalent nutritional problems
4
Q
Anthropometry is considered the method of choice for ____________ in a clinical setting
A
Estimating body composition
5
Q
What are the advantages of anthropometry?
A
- Simple, safe, noninvasive
- inexpensive, portable, and durable
- Precise and accurate
- Unskilled personnel can be trained
- Can identify different degrees of malnutrition
6
Q
What are the disadvantages of anthropometry?
A
- Cannot detect abrupt changes in nutritional status
- Cannot detect specific nutrient deficiency
- Can be affected by non-nutritional factors
- prone to error
7
Q
What are included in physical growth measurements?
A
○ Weight
○ Recumbent Length and Height
○ Head Circumference
○ Growth Indices
○ BMI
8
Q
In height and length, healthy adults are measured while ____ while infants (<2 years old) are measured while____
A
standing
lying down
9
Q
Weight is mainly made up of _____
A
Muscle, fat, bone, and internal organs
10
Q
Serial measurements of weight can be used to detect ______ in children
A
Protein energy malnutrition
11
Q
Weight measurement should be taken after bladder _____ prior to a ____
A
has been emptied, meal
12
Q
Instruments for weight measurement
A
Digital Weighing Balance or Platform beam balance
13
Q
Pediatric Scale: Infants
_____: child or adult
A
Beam balance
14
Q
In weight measurements, subjects should stand _____ in the _______ of the platform
A
unassisted, center
15
Q
What is the proper posture of weight measurement?
A
○ Lookstraight ahead
○ Standrelaxed but still
■ Arms hanging loosely at the sides
■ Palms facing the thighs and feet slightly apart
○ Minimal clothing
■ Pockets should be emptied
16
Q
Record of weights should be to the nearest ____
A
0.1 kg
17
Q
When is weighing by difference used?
A
When parent is holding child
18
Q
Height or length refers to the measurement of _____ or degree of skeletal development
A
linear growth
19
Q
Length is measured with the subject in a _____ using a length board
A
Supine position
20
Q
Length is the term used for what age group?
A
Infants and young children below 2 yrs old
21
Q
Height is measure with the subject in a standing position using a _____-
A
stadiometer
22
Q
Recumbent length is used for _______
A
Ages <2years old; or infants with length ≤ 85 cm
23
Q
What instruments are used for recumbent length?
A
length board or a medical plastic infantometer
24
Q
Standing height is measured using _________
A
stadiometer or microtoise
25
Length and height measurements should be recorded to the nearest _____
0.1 cm
26
Height and length requires _______ examiners
2
27
Height and length should be evaluated with caution due to what factors?
Genetic and ethnic differences
28
Importance of Frankfort Plane
standardizes measurements and eliminates variations in posture and head tilt for more accurate readings
29
The Frankfort plane is represented by a line between:
- Lowest point on the margin of the orbit or the bony socket of the eye
- Between the orbit of the eye and the tragion or the notch above the tragus or the cartilaginous projection just above the external opening of the ear
30
For recumbent length, subject should be placed ___
Upwards
31
In recumbent length, head should be on the ____ end, feet on the ___ end
Fixed, movable
32
Which leg should be used when the subject is restless?
Left
33
Length is recorded to the nearest ___
mm
34
What is done to record length of restless subject and mother intervention is not effective?
Tickle heel of leg leg to straighten
35
If the child bites, what is one strategy that one may use?
Sweet incentives (e.g. jellyace)
36
Height: Feet _____
Weight: Feet _____
(position)
Together, apart
37
Ensure that ________ are in contact with the vertical surface of the stadiometer
heels, buttocks, shoulder blades
38
TRUE OR FALSE: It is okay to measure height of people with hair in a bun
False
39
What is parallax error?
happens when the measurement of the length of an object is less than its actual length
40
To account for diurnal variation, one should take note of _____
time
41
Diurnal variation is most observed during the first _______
two hours of the day
42
What alternative measurements are present?
- Knee height
- Lower leg length
- Arm span and sitting height
43
When is knee height used?
For Children > 3 years old;
Adults (Bedridden or elderly patients)
44
Lower leg length is used for ___
infants
45
Arm span is useful for individuals with _________________
scoliosis, spinal deformities, or subjects that cannot stand straight or upright
46
The ratio of arm span to height is a ______ ratio
1:1
47
The head circumference is the simplest and most inexpensive tool to assess the __________
development of CNS
48
This measurement can be used to detect PEM during first 2 years or even Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IGR)
Head Circumference
49
TRUE OR FALSE: Head Circumference is useful for all ages
False, head circumference growth is slow beyond 2 years
50
What are some nutritional factors influencing head circumference?
- Disease
- Genetic Variation
- Cultural practices
51
Head circumference-for-age can be used to detect
- Chronic malnutrition during first few months of life
- Intrauterine growth restriction
- Can lead to malnutrition
52
In head circumference measurement, the tape must be placed firmly just above the _______ and over the ______
supraorbital ridge (the most prominent part of the frontal bulge), occiput
53
Measurements of HCM should be to the nearest ___
cm
54
What are the different growth indices? 4 only
- Weight-for-age
- Weight-for-height
- Height-for-age
- HCM for age
55
What is one limitation of weight-for-age
Cannot distinguish between stunting and wasting
56
Weight-for-age: Underweight
Weight-for-height: _____
Wasting
57
This growth index can measure chronic malnutrition
Height-for-age
58
For growth indices z-scores, cutoffs are usually at ______
<-2 z-score and >+2 z-scores
59
WHO Child Growth Standard Indicators
Length/height for age
Weight-for-age
Weight-for length/height
BMI-for-age
Head circumference-for-age
Arm circumference-for-age
Subscapular skinfold-for-age
Triceps
60
The following z-scores are representative of what nutritional statuses?
>+2 z-score
<-2 z-score
<-3 z-score
Overnutrition
Undernutrition
Sever Undernutrition
61
For weight-for-age, a <-2 z-score reflects both _______
Reflects both acute and chronic malnutrition
62
TRUE OR FALSE: A <-2 Z-score for weight-for-height shows chronic weight loss
False, recent weight loss.
Weight-for-height is appropriate for evaluation of short-term
63
For chronic malnutrition and poor health, what growth index should be used?
Height-for-age
64
CFM-for-age should be based on _____ and be computed to the nearest _____
date of birth, nearest month
65
For measurements of CFM, which is preferred, short term intervals or long term intervals?
Short term
66
BMI is also called as ________
Quetelet's Index
67
What is one limitation of BMI?
Doesn’t distinguish between muscle or body fat
68
WHO classification is used to evaluate _____
Nutritional Status
69
When should Asia-Pacific BMI values should be used?
Prediction of further infections, diseases, or NCDs
70
TRUE OR FALSE: BMI-for-age is used for children older than 2 years old
TRUE
71
Enumerate the different assessments under Body fat assessment
- Skinfolds
- Wait-to-hip ration
- Waist circumference
72
Visceral fat is associated with ______
Higher risk of diseases
73
For males, fat distribution is located on the ______
Upper body
74
For females, fat distribution is located on the ____
Lower Body
75
Android Obesity: _____
Gynoid Obesity: ______
Choices: Grape, Apple, Banana, Pear
Android: Apple
Gynoid: Pear
76
What is the implication of android obesity?
Greater risk of heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, and stroke
77
Total and regional fat can be estimated from ______
subcutaneous fat thickness
78
In skinfold assessment, skinfolds are used to estimate ________ using a generalized or population-specific equation
percentage body fat
79
The double fold of _____ between the tips of the skinfold caliper should be large enough to form approximately parallel sides.
skin and adipose tissue
80
Instrument used for skinfold assessments
Precision Calipers
81
Standard contact area for skinfold assessments
20-40 mm2
82
In skinfold assessment, the measurement is obtained ___ seconds after placing the caliper tips on the skinfold
4 seconds
83
The caliper tips are placed _______ distal to where the skinfold is grasped
1 cm distal
84
What site is used for skinfold assessment of obese people?
Biceps
85
Which is more used for skinfold assessment, biceps or triceps?
Triceps, since it is easier to measure
86
The suprailiac site for skinfold assessment is useful for ___
- Useful for detecting subcutaneous adipose tissue distribution
- useful in detecting risk from different diseases
87
Where is the suprailiac site located?
● Immediately superior to the iliac crest
● Diagonal fold just above the front
toward protrusion of the hipbone.
● Just above the iliac crest at the
mid-axillary line
88
Formula for Waist-hip ratio
Waist circumference/hip circumference
89
This body fast assessment is usually the recognition of central obesity
Waist-hip ratio
90
What are the cut-off values for male and female WHR?
Male: WHR < 1
Female: WHR < 0.85
91
Where is the waist measured?
midway between lower rib and iliac crest
92
What are the requirements for waist-hip measurement?
- Overnight fasting
- minimal clothing
93
Where is hip measured?
Widest point at buttocks
94
TRUE OR FALSE: Waist circumference is a better correlate of total abdominal fat content than WHR
True
95
Waist circumference is more closely related to _____
abdominal obesity
96
An individual is considered High-risk if their WC is :
- ≥102 cm for men
- ≥88 cm for women
97
What are the steps for WC measurement?
1. Locate the top of the right iliac crest
2. Place a measuring tape in a horizontal plane around the abdomen at the level of the iliac crest
3. Tape should be snug but should not compress the skin
4. Take the reading at the end of a normal expiration
5. Repeat
98
This measurement is used to monitor progress during nutritional therapy
MUAC
99
MUAC is used instead of weight apparatus /length board during _____
emergencies
100
MUAC is used mainly in pregnant women due to _____
inability to obtain WH ratio or WC
101
MUAC is measured to the nearest ____
cm
102
What is the cut-off values for children for MUAC?
MAM: 11.5 -12.5 cm
SAM: <11.5
103
What are the types of error present in anthropometry?
○ Random measurement errors and precision
○ Systematic measurement errors and accuracy
○ Errors from changes in tissue composition and properties
○ Invalid models and errors in body composition
104
Random errors are due to ____
Chance <3
105
Systematic errors are also known as
Bias
106
Known as a consistent error in measurement
Systematic errors
107
Precision is reduced by _____
Random errors
108
Accuracy is reduced due to ___
systematic errors
109
Poor precision reflects ____
within-examiner error
110
Within-examiner error can be assessed through:
Technical error of the measurement (TEM)
Percentage technical error
111
For coefficient of reliability, a value closer to 1 indicated _____ reliability
Higher reliability
112
What is the proposed solution for a restless child?
- Postpone measurement
- involve parent in procedure
- Use culturally appropriate procedures
113
In length measurement, footwear/headwear must be removed until ________. If this happens, examiner should make ____
Culture permits, allowances
114
What arm should be used for arm circumference?
Left arm
115
Factors that contribute to systematic errors
- Equipment bias
- Timing
116
Physiological changes which may lead to error
- Hydration status
- Variations in compressibility and skin thickness with age
- Decreased density of fat-free mass in elderly
117
When do invalid models and errors in body composition arise?
When incorrect assumptions in the derivation of body composition from anthropometric measurements are made
118
What are the key factors in invalid models and errors in body composition?
- Invalid assumptions
- Use of incorrect reference data
119
How to avoid errors?
- Calibrate instruments
- Read measurements properly
- Record results immediately
- Make sure participants are ready
- One measurer per measurement
- Use appropriate reference data and classification data
- Take note of conditioning factors
120
Proper reading of measurements help avoid ________
Parallax error
121
To eliminate interexaminer effect, one should ____
Use one anthropometry measurer per measurement
