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Anthropology Test 1 > Anthro Test 2 > Flashcards

Anthro Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Early Greeks and Romans

A

1) collected fossils/recognized them for what they were
2) Appreciated the vast extent of human variation- both physical and cultural
3) Recognized the importance of the physical and cultural environment
4) Formulated a few theories about the evolution of humans/ the evolution of science

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2
Q

Darwin

A
  • first to publish
  • “Origin of Species” (1859) by the means of natural selection
  • “survival of the fit”
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3
Q

Darwin’s Theory of Evolution

A

1) All organisms increase in a geometric ration- they produce more than their own number.
2) Despite the tendency to multiply the numbers of a given species remain relatively constant
3) All organisms vary the offspring resemble but do not duplicate their parents.
Deductions:
1) There occurs a universal struggle for existence both amount and within species.
2) The individual with some advantage has the best chance for surviving and thus for producing offspring of their own.

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4
Q

Wallace

A
  • jointly helped Darwin with his publishing on evolution and natural selection
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5
Q

Mendel

A
  • founder of the modern science of genetics
  • pea plants
  • dominant, homozygous, recessive, heterozygous
  • phenotype: apperance
  • genotype: alleles
  • genotypically the same but phenotypically different
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6
Q

Lamarcke

A
  • he gave the term biology a broader meaning

ex: chemistry, geology, meteorology, ect.

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7
Q

Malthus

A
  • economist
    1) Human populations increase at a geometric ration
    2) Space and food supply increases arithmetically.
  • Human reproductive potential for exceeds the ability of natural resources to support it.
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8
Q

Darwin “Fit”

A

most adapted

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9
Q

Modern “Fit”

A

reproduction

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10
Q

Uniformitarianism

A

scientific theory, about how old the earth really is, Earth science
ex: strata tells earth is more than 10,000 years old

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11
Q

Catastrophism

A

The theory that changes in the earth’s crust during geological history have resulted chiefly from sudden violent and unusual events.

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12
Q

Creationism/ Intelligent Design

A

Creationism- earth is no older than 10k, all life created in its present form
Intelligent Design- some force behind evolution, some god, tried to implement this in school rather than evolution but failed

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13
Q

Orthogenesis

A

is not science

- US half and half creationism vs. evolution

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14
Q

Tree of Life

A

way in which species are related and how closely they are related by the way are placed on the tree
ex: monkeys and humans are on the same branch

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15
Q

Rabbit Heaven

A
  • 10 mins after rabbit gives birth she wants to have another baby
  • 8/10 rabbits die before the year is up
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16
Q

Natural Selection

A
  • Darwin’s opposed theory

- Best explanation for genetic evolution

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17
Q

Mutation

A
  • most common cause in the change in the gene pool
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18
Q

Genetic Drift

A
  • a change in the allele frequency that is not a result of natural selection
    ex: eyeless cavefish (eyes are adaptive) (small populations)
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19
Q

Gene Flow

A
  • within one species
  • migrants
  • leaving = taking away alleles
  • coming to introduce new ones
  • when two or more populations interbreed the offspring will have a different gene pool than either set of parents
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20
Q

Speciation

A

if gene flow does not occur

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21
Q

Hybrids

A

mate two things together

  • fertile/ not fertile
    ex: Liger
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22
Q

Blue Fugate

A
  • Martin Fugate was an orphan that came to the US and gets to Kentucky
  • marries a woman and they have 7 children
  • they both recessive traits
  • 4 out of their 7 children were BLUE
  • methemoglobinemia: heredity blood disorder (can be induced through diet)
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23
Q

Cosmic Clock Analogy

A
  • An attempt to help us understood the length of time over which evolution has occurred
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24
Q

Relative Dating

A

determining if one event is younger or older than (relative to) another event

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25
Q

Absolute Dating

A

something that was once alive, younger than 40,000 years (radiocarbon)

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26
Q

Sickle Cell

A
  • homozygous dominat

- homozygous recessive

27
Q

Microevolution

A

Changes over a few generations or many generations, but without speciations (many creationists accept this)

28
Q

Macroevolution

A
  • Larger scale more significant changes
  • Speciation (creationists do not accept)
  • Macro and Micro are not two distinct processes
29
Q

Old World Monkeys

A
  • catarrhines

- Africa, India, Southeast Asia, Japan

30
Q

New World Monkeys

A
  • platyrrhines
  • central america
  • split 30 million years ago
  • new world monkeys rafted over
  • prehensile tail (only new world monkeys have them)
31
Q

Bonobos

A 
Babies are born with black faces 
Linear/ Gracile/ puny 
Less sexual dimorphism 
Knuckle walkers
Eat fruit but will hunt for small animals
Groups are fluid but centered on male/female bonds, not male/ male like chimps
Females have strong alliances and control food
Sex (swingers) have lots of sex
Estrous 
Continuous cycling 
Pair ponding 
Promiscuity
Male on male 
Female on female 
All sorts of sexual behavior
Helps the sex bond them together and decrease the tension
32
Q

Kanzi Bonobo

A

knows sign language, use a computer, can read, can communicate in a symbolic way, art, wanted to give him a PHD but they said no because it would insult humans, music, ect.

33
Q

Chimps and Leopards

A

Leopards hunt the chimps

34
Q

Behavioral Ecology

A

focuses on and behavior and adaption

35
Q

Adaptation Features of Sociability

A

Improved access to food

Protection from predators

36
Q

Dryopithecus

A

13-20 MYA
Several Species: Europe
Y5 Molars
Ancestors to modern apes

37
Q

Sivapithecus

A

Asia
16-7 MYA
Ancestor to modern orangutans

38
Q

Gigantopithecus

A

10 MYA/ Overlap with HE

Asia 10 ft tall/ over 600 pounds

39
Q

5 Axes of Social Organization

A

1) dominance / dominance hierarchy
2) Mother- infant bond and the matrifocal subunit
3) Sexual bond between male and female
4) Separation of roles between adults and young
5) Separation of roles by sex

40
Q

Chimps

A

Differences between chimps and humans are speech
Smaller than orangutans and gorillas
Less sexual dimorphism
Males 75- 150 pounds
Females 60-100
2) Habitat: Tropical forests and woodlands
3) More arboreal than gorillas but still spend time on the ground
4) Knuckle walkers
5) Eat mostly fruit but also vegetation and small animals
6) Large groups: 50-60 (rarely in one area)
Subgroups dissolve and reform

41
Q

Patrilocal

A

Males stay in group they were born in and females leave

Bachelor male groups/ gangs

42
Q

Gorillas

A

different types of gorillas
1) largest of the living primates - marked sexual dimorphism, males up to 400 pounds, silver backs, females 200 pounds
2) Terrestrial/ esp. Large males
3) Knuckle walkers
4) Social Unit is a Harem (male, female and offspring)
Small cohesive groups
Single male = multiple females with offspring/ multi- male groups
As they get older their hair turns gray on their back

43
Q

Orangutans

A
  • Orangutans faced with genetic doom
  • as human population grows apes numbers begin to go down
  • Only 50 k left
  • 2,000 found in Borneo
  • Previously unknown population found in remote rugged mountain forest by loggers
  • Cannot be easily developed into plantations
  • Protected
44
Q

Sexual Dimorphism

A

distinct difference in size or appearance between the sexes of an animal in addition to difference between the sexual organs themselves.

45
Q

Anthropoids

A

one of the two suborders of primates; includes monkeys, apes and humans.

46
Q

Sexual Dimorphism

A

Refers to a marked difference in size and appearance in size and appearance between males and females.

47
Q

Prosimians

A

Literally “pre-monkeys” one of the two suborders of primates; includes lemurs, lorises and tarsiers.

48
Q

Tarsiers

A
  • Nocturnal, tree living found in the Philippines and Indonesia.
  • Are the only primates that depend completely on animal foods
49
Q

Tool use

A
  • strip leaves from sticks then use the sticks to fish termites from their mound- shaped nests
  • ## they use leaves to mop up termites, to sponge up water, or up to wipe themselves clean
50
Q

Diastema

A

A gap between the canine and first premolar found in apes.

51
Q

The Great Chain of Being

A

Everything has it’s place in society

52
Q

Gradualism and punctuated equilibrium

A

Gradualism and punctuated equilibrium are two ways in which the evolution of a species can occur. A species can evolve by only one of these, or by both. Scientists think that species with a shorter evolution evolved mostly by punctuated equilibrium, and those with a longer evolution evolved mostly by gradualism.

53
Q

Allele

A

One member of a pair of genes

54
Q

Genus/ Species

A

genus refers to the “generic” name, and species refers to the “specific” name.

55
Q

Blood Groups

A
  • A, B, AB, O

- O is universal

56
Q

Matrifocal Subunit

A

Mother- infant bond

57
Q

Bergman’s Rule

A

relationship between body size and temperature

58
Q

Allen’s Rule

A

protruding body parts are relatively shorter in the cooler areas of a species’s range than in the warmer areas

59
Q

Acclimatization/Andes

A

adaptation to high altitude

60
Q

Gloger’s Rule

A

states that populations of birds and mammals living in the warmer climates have more melanin, and therefore blacker skin, fur, or features than do populations of the same species living in cooler areas.

61
Q

Biological and Social Race

A

race is a social construct based on your culture

62
Q

Molecular Anthro Boxed Article

A
  • Genetic mutations is the main focus
  • Mitochrondia (Mom) and Y chromosome (dad)
  • ## SNP’s and STR’s
63
Q

DNA Boxed Article

A
  • DNA lives on forever

- cells are considered property after surgeries and medical treatments

64
Q

Bio Diversity Boxed Article

A
  • humans and impacting biodiversity
  • environmental health and stability
  • Terence Hayes has spent much of his career documenting knowledge of plants among the Ndumba people of the Papua New Guinea.

Anthropology Test 1 (4 decks)

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