Anthro Test 2 Flashcards
Early Greeks and Romans
1) collected fossils/recognized them for what they were
2) Appreciated the vast extent of human variation- both physical and cultural
3) Recognized the importance of the physical and cultural environment
4) Formulated a few theories about the evolution of humans/ the evolution of science
Darwin
- first to publish
- “Origin of Species” (1859) by the means of natural selection
- “survival of the fit”
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
1) All organisms increase in a geometric ration- they produce more than their own number.
2) Despite the tendency to multiply the numbers of a given species remain relatively constant
3) All organisms vary the offspring resemble but do not duplicate their parents.
Deductions:
1) There occurs a universal struggle for existence both amount and within species.
2) The individual with some advantage has the best chance for surviving and thus for producing offspring of their own.
Wallace
- jointly helped Darwin with his publishing on evolution and natural selection
Mendel
- founder of the modern science of genetics
- pea plants
- dominant, homozygous, recessive, heterozygous
- phenotype: apperance
- genotype: alleles
- genotypically the same but phenotypically different
Lamarcke
- he gave the term biology a broader meaning
ex: chemistry, geology, meteorology, ect.
Malthus
- economist
1) Human populations increase at a geometric ration
2) Space and food supply increases arithmetically. - Human reproductive potential for exceeds the ability of natural resources to support it.
Darwin “Fit”
most adapted
Modern “Fit”
reproduction
Uniformitarianism
scientific theory, about how old the earth really is, Earth science
ex: strata tells earth is more than 10,000 years old
Catastrophism
The theory that changes in the earth’s crust during geological history have resulted chiefly from sudden violent and unusual events.
Creationism/ Intelligent Design
Creationism- earth is no older than 10k, all life created in its present form
Intelligent Design- some force behind evolution, some god, tried to implement this in school rather than evolution but failed
Orthogenesis
is not science
- US half and half creationism vs. evolution
Tree of Life
way in which species are related and how closely they are related by the way are placed on the tree
ex: monkeys and humans are on the same branch
Rabbit Heaven
- 10 mins after rabbit gives birth she wants to have another baby
- 8/10 rabbits die before the year is up
Natural Selection
- Darwin’s opposed theory
- Best explanation for genetic evolution
Mutation
- most common cause in the change in the gene pool
Genetic Drift
- a change in the allele frequency that is not a result of natural selection
ex: eyeless cavefish (eyes are adaptive) (small populations)
Gene Flow
- within one species
- migrants
- leaving = taking away alleles
- coming to introduce new ones
- when two or more populations interbreed the offspring will have a different gene pool than either set of parents
Speciation
if gene flow does not occur
Hybrids
mate two things together
- fertile/ not fertile
ex: Liger
Blue Fugate
- Martin Fugate was an orphan that came to the US and gets to Kentucky
- marries a woman and they have 7 children
- they both recessive traits
- 4 out of their 7 children were BLUE
- methemoglobinemia: heredity blood disorder (can be induced through diet)
Cosmic Clock Analogy
- An attempt to help us understood the length of time over which evolution has occurred
Relative Dating
determining if one event is younger or older than (relative to) another event
Absolute Dating
something that was once alive, younger than 40,000 years (radiocarbon)
Sickle Cell
- homozygous dominat
- homozygous recessive
Microevolution
Changes over a few generations or many generations, but without speciations (many creationists accept this)
Macroevolution
- Larger scale more significant changes
- Speciation (creationists do not accept)
- Macro and Micro are not two distinct processes
Old World Monkeys
- catarrhines
- Africa, India, Southeast Asia, Japan
New World Monkeys
- platyrrhines
- central america
- split 30 million years ago
- new world monkeys rafted over
- prehensile tail (only new world monkeys have them)
Bonobos
Babies are born with black faces Linear/ Gracile/ puny Less sexual dimorphism Knuckle walkers Eat fruit but will hunt for small animals Groups are fluid but centered on male/female bonds, not male/ male like chimps Females have strong alliances and control food Sex (swingers) have lots of sex Estrous Continuous cycling Pair ponding Promiscuity Male on male Female on female All sorts of sexual behavior Helps the sex bond them together and decrease the tension
Kanzi Bonobo
knows sign language, use a computer, can read, can communicate in a symbolic way, art, wanted to give him a PHD but they said no because it would insult humans, music, ect.
Chimps and Leopards
Leopards hunt the chimps
Behavioral Ecology
focuses on and behavior and adaption
Adaptation Features of Sociability
Improved access to food
Protection from predators
Dryopithecus
13-20 MYA
Several Species: Europe
Y5 Molars
Ancestors to modern apes
Sivapithecus
Asia
16-7 MYA
Ancestor to modern orangutans
Gigantopithecus
10 MYA/ Overlap with HE
Asia 10 ft tall/ over 600 pounds
5 Axes of Social Organization
1) dominance / dominance hierarchy
2) Mother- infant bond and the matrifocal subunit
3) Sexual bond between male and female
4) Separation of roles between adults and young
5) Separation of roles by sex
Chimps
Differences between chimps and humans are speech
Smaller than orangutans and gorillas
Less sexual dimorphism
Males 75- 150 pounds
Females 60-100
2) Habitat: Tropical forests and woodlands
3) More arboreal than gorillas but still spend time on the ground
4) Knuckle walkers
5) Eat mostly fruit but also vegetation and small animals
6) Large groups: 50-60 (rarely in one area)
Subgroups dissolve and reform
Patrilocal
Males stay in group they were born in and females leave
Bachelor male groups/ gangs
Gorillas
different types of gorillas
1) largest of the living primates - marked sexual dimorphism, males up to 400 pounds, silver backs, females 200 pounds
2) Terrestrial/ esp. Large males
3) Knuckle walkers
4) Social Unit is a Harem (male, female and offspring)
Small cohesive groups
Single male = multiple females with offspring/ multi- male groups
As they get older their hair turns gray on their back
Orangutans
- Orangutans faced with genetic doom
- as human population grows apes numbers begin to go down
- Only 50 k left
- 2,000 found in Borneo
- Previously unknown population found in remote rugged mountain forest by loggers
- Cannot be easily developed into plantations
- Protected
Sexual Dimorphism
distinct difference in size or appearance between the sexes of an animal in addition to difference between the sexual organs themselves.
Anthropoids
one of the two suborders of primates; includes monkeys, apes and humans.
Sexual Dimorphism
Refers to a marked difference in size and appearance in size and appearance between males and females.
Prosimians
Literally “pre-monkeys” one of the two suborders of primates; includes lemurs, lorises and tarsiers.
Tarsiers
- Nocturnal, tree living found in the Philippines and Indonesia.
- Are the only primates that depend completely on animal foods
Tool use
- strip leaves from sticks then use the sticks to fish termites from their mound- shaped nests
- ## they use leaves to mop up termites, to sponge up water, or up to wipe themselves clean
Diastema
A gap between the canine and first premolar found in apes.
The Great Chain of Being
Everything has it’s place in society
Gradualism and punctuated equilibrium
Gradualism and punctuated equilibrium are two ways in which the evolution of a species can occur. A species can evolve by only one of these, or by both. Scientists think that species with a shorter evolution evolved mostly by punctuated equilibrium, and those with a longer evolution evolved mostly by gradualism.
Allele
One member of a pair of genes
Genus/ Species
genus refers to the “generic” name, and species refers to the “specific” name.
Blood Groups
- A, B, AB, O
- O is universal
Matrifocal Subunit
Mother- infant bond
Bergman’s Rule
relationship between body size and temperature
Allen’s Rule
protruding body parts are relatively shorter in the cooler areas of a species’s range than in the warmer areas
Acclimatization/Andes
adaptation to high altitude
Gloger’s Rule
states that populations of birds and mammals living in the warmer climates have more melanin, and therefore blacker skin, fur, or features than do populations of the same species living in cooler areas.
Biological and Social Race
race is a social construct based on your culture
Molecular Anthro Boxed Article
- Genetic mutations is the main focus
- Mitochrondia (Mom) and Y chromosome (dad)
- ## SNP’s and STR’s
DNA Boxed Article
- DNA lives on forever
- cells are considered property after surgeries and medical treatments
Bio Diversity Boxed Article
- humans and impacting biodiversity
- environmental health and stability
- Terence Hayes has spent much of his career documenting knowledge of plants among the Ndumba people of the Papua New Guinea.
