Anthro Test 1 Flashcards
anthropology
is the scientific study of human kind
ethnology
searching for general patterns, comparisons, and theories
ethnography
the study of specific cultures
culture
a set of learned behaviors, beliefs, attitudes, values, and ideals that is the characteristic of a particular society or social group
protoculture
is the passing of behaviors from one generation to another
emic
the research strategy that focuses on local explantations and criteria of significance
ex: insiders point of view, me
etic
the research strategy that emphasizes the ethnographers rather than the locals explanations, categories, and criteria of significance
ex: outsiders point of view
ethnocentrism
the tendency to view one’s own culture as best and to judge the behaviors and beliefs of culturally different people by one’s own standards
cultural relativity
a position that the value and standards of cultures differ and deserve respect
x culture
cultural bound disorder
in united states: anorexia, PMS, agoraphobia: people afraid to go out of their house, multiple personality disorder
HRAF
Human Relations Area File
Shaman
s a person regarded as having access to, and influence in, the world of benevolent and malevolent spirits, who typically enters into a trance state during a ritual, and practices divination and healing.
ex: medicine man
fieldwork
practical work conducted by a researcher in the natural environment, rather than in a laboratory or office.
participation observation
the observer participates in ongoing activities and records observations. Participant observation extends beyond naturalistic observation because the observer is a “player” in the action.
globalization
worldwide interconnectedness
Branches of Anthropology
1) physical/ biological
2) archeology/ archaeology
3) linguistics
4) cultural
5) applied
1) Physical/ Biological branch of Anthro
1) -human biological evolution
- present human diversity
2) Archeology -Branch of Anthro
- the study of material objects in order to describe and explain human behavior
ex: garbage
3) Linguistics - Branch of Anthro
- humans are the only animals with language
- bees give the most communications
4 branches linguistics:
1) historical linguistics- emergence of language, change glottochronology
(1 language dies every 14 days)
2) descriptive linguistics- the study of sound systems, grammar, semantics (meaning of words)
ex: the state Hawaii uses the least amount of sound
3) ethnolinguistics- relationship between language and culture
ex: Nuer, beer, boobs, color
4) sociolinguistics- relationship between language and social relationships
ex: class accents, dating, ebonics, gender
Cultural Anthropology - Branch of Anthro
ethnography: the study of specific cultures
ethnology: searching for more general patterns, comparisons, theories
Applied - Branch of Anthro
- applying anthropological methods and knowledge towards solving problems in the real world
- where 50% of jobs are
5 fundamental characteristics of culture
1) culture is uniquely human
2) culture includes everything
3) culture is learned by each member during his/her socialization
4) culture provides humans with a means of satisfying their biological and emotional needs in a manner approved by society
5) all cultures change
Three Sources of Knowledge
1) common sense knowledge
- traditional wisdom
- take an umbrella when it rains
- don’t jump off a 30 ft building
2) religious knowledge
- religious revelations
- Jesus is the son of God
- World was created in 7 days
3) Scientific Knowledge
Scientific Knowledge
Core to the scientific method is…. testability and verifiability
- used to investigate both natural and social world
- not what is universally true, but what is approximately true/ it’s new data does not support your theories, you need new theories
Shakers
didn’t allow for sexual reproduction
Hutterites
Anabaptists: were supposed to have 5 or more kids
hypothesis
a testable proposition concerning the relationship between particular sets of variables in the collected data
theory
a supposition or a system of ideas intended to explain something, especially one based on general principles independent of the thing to be explained.
postmodernism
all knowledge is subjective
- 1980’s
- Anthropologist is a product of their own culture and therefore cannot be truly objective
Biomedical Paradigm
- biological emphasis in western medicine
- focus on disease and cure for disease
- diseases are purely natural
- different specialities
Twins Talk
- National Twins Festival
- book written about festival by Dona Davis
- Twinsburg, Ohio 2003
Sushi
“how sushi went global” article
sushi went global
-most sushi places are owned by Chinese people
Medical Anthro
-immigrant health care 3 projects: 1) HIV/AIDS 2) USA/Sharing Needles 3) Bali/ traditional concept of masculinity (wanted men to wear condoms but they said it wasn't masculine)
Dona Davis
- wanted to test menopause
- hypothesis: a testable proposition concerning the relationship between particular sets of variables in the collected data
- newfoundland fieldwork
examples: Nuer, Yir, Yiront, Naskapi
-the one way in a which a culture says a word or the different meaning in each culture
one child policy in China
a policy in which China created to control the populations
inuit child rearing
let children do what ever they wanted so they would learn on their own
(very little parenting)
ethics
moral principles that govern a person’s or group’s behavior.
M & M and Human Rights
- Method not MORALITY
variable
an element, feature, or factor that is liable to vary or change.
holistic
whole, holism bio, social situations, environments
ex: inuit child rearing, one child policy (china)
informants
a person from whom a linguist or anthropologist obtains information about language, dialect, or culture.
j-pop
popular band in Japan that became globalized
Bali/kriss/AIDS
medical projects in anthropology
Bali: traditional concept of masculinity (wanted men to wear condoms but they said it wasn’t masculine)
AIDS: USA was sharing needles which caused people to get aids
Boxed Article: Alyssa Crittenden
Hazda: a hunter- gatherer people in Tanzania
- evolution of human diet
- chose the diets of woman study and measured the relationship between their reproductive capacity and nutritional value of the food foraged
- hazda children indirectly help the economy
- girls collect water and plant foods and boys hunt
Boxed Article: Bedouin Culture Change
- anthropologists understand that people are unlikely to accept a change if it does not integrate well with other aspects of their culture.
- at once tribal, nomadic and pastoral
- mobile health unit that could begin a program of primary care as well as immunization against measles, whopping cough and polio.
- now the Bedouin are able to get water from wells and transport water to their animals by truck
Boxed Article: Kleinberg Auto Companies
- GM
- Briody’s observations of the mid 1980s suggested that the GM culture emphasized efficiency and meeting quotas.
- emphasis on quantity rather quality
- wanted a culture of collaboration
- GM changed
- measures of quality increased, injuries and illnesses are down, and even productivity is 54 percent higher
Boxed Article: Why an Applied Project Didn’t Work
- part of the problem may be that the intended recipients ideas about how things work may be very different from the researchers ideas.
- pills project
- trial and error methods to find how to get the information they need
- cultural consesus method
Boxed Article: Climate Change and Anthropology
- many environmental anthropologists use ethnographic methods to study how to communities perceive changes in the weather and landscapes around them as well as the measures they take to try and adapt
- cultural anthropologists need to broaden their horizons and become more engaged in understanding how policy is formulated by climate scientists and governments, and they need to work with interdisciplinary teams
