anthro chapm4

Question 1

Chapter 4

Answer 1

Race and Ethnicity

Question 2

Those who share certain beliefs, values, habits, customs, and norms because of their common background

Answer 2

Ethnic Groups

Question 3

collective name, belief, solidarity, and association with a specific territory.

Answer 3

ethnic group

Question 4

a person or a group’s identification of themselves and is defined by others as having that identity.

Answer 4

Ethnicity

Question 5

One of the most misunderstood, misused and often dangerous concepts in the modern world

Answer 5

Race

Question 6

In popular usage, is used to describe a wide variety of human categories

Answer 6

Race

Question 7

used to describe a wide variety of human categories

Answer 7

skin color (Caucasian “race”)
religion (Jewish “race”)
nationality (British “race”)
entire human species (human “race”)

Question 8

a population of humans classified on the basis of certain hereditary characteristics that differentiate them from other groups

Answer 8

Race as biological notion

Question 9

Physical anthropologists distinguish major categories of human traits as (2)

Answer 9

Phenotype and genotype

Question 10

visible anatomical features (skin color, hair texture, body or facial shape)

Answer 10

phenotypes

Question 11

genetic specifications inherited from one’s parents

Answer 11

genotypes

Question 12

form a continuum of gradual change, not a set of sharply demarcated types

Answer 12

Racial categories

Question 13

They argue that differences among racial groups are attributable most basically to genetic factors

Answer 13

Hereditarians

Question 14

They contend that social variables such as class, family, language and the development of cognitive skills are most significant

Answer 14

Environmentalists (culture)

Question 15

Importance of race for the study of intergroup relations

Answer 15

Social meaning of race

Question 16

“It is on the level of habit, custom, sentiment, and attitude that race, as a matter of practical significance, is to be understood. Race is, so to speak, a human invention” (1958: 67)

Answer 16

Anthropologist Robert Redfield

Question 17

The presumed superiority of some groups and inferiority of others is subsequently used to legitimize the unequal distribution of the society’s resources;

Answer 17

Racism

Question 18

a belief system, or ideology, structured around 3 basic ideas:

Answer 18

Racism

Question 19

a.

Answer 19

Humans are divided naturally into different physical types

Question 20

b.

Answer 20

Such physical traits are intrinsically related to their culture, personality and intelligence

Question 21

c.

Answer 21

On the basis of their genetic inheritance, some groups are innately superior to others

Question 22

Functions of racism a.

Answer 22

Rationalizes racial and ethnic inequality

Question 23

Functions of racism b.

Answer 23

justifies the unequal distribution of society’s rewards

Question 24

Functions of racism c.

Answer 24

promotes an ethnic status quo in which one group predominates in the society’s economy, polity, and other key institutions and thus receives the greatest share of the society’s wealth and power

Question 25

subordinate groups who have less power and privilege to the dominant groups. These groups have distinguishing physical or cultural traits from the dominant groups

Answer 25

“Minority Group?”

Question 26

marriage within a clan

Answer 26

endogamy

Question 27

defined as the devaluing of one’s group because of its presumed behavior, values, capabilities, or attitudes.

Answer 27

Prejudice

Question 28

Types of Minority groups(4)

Answer 28

1. Racial groups – 2. Ethnic groups – 3. Religious groups – 4. Gender groups –

Question 29

Causes of prejudice

Answer 29

Stereotyping Ethnocentrism Scapegoating

Question 30

refers to the tendency to make exaggerated assumptions and overall generalizations of all individuals in a group.

Answer 30

Stereotyping

Question 31

the belief that one’s culture is superior to others

Answer 31

Ethnocentrism

Question 32

blaming others or projecting their aggression because of their frustrations.

Answer 32

Scapegoating

Question 33

practices that create a harmful impact on a certain group or individual.

Answer 33

Discrimination

Question 34

enforced separation from groups.

Answer 34

Segregation

Question 35

“separate development” of the segregated cultural and political systems that gave more privileges to the White People compared to the Black people from 1948-1990.

Answer 35

Apartheid

Question 36

Different ethnic groups maintain their status quo by respecting one another.

Answer 36

Pluralism

Question 37

This refers to the integration of ethnic groups into dominant groups or society

Answer 37

Assimilation

Question 38

It occurs when two or more groups fight for power and privilege.

Answer 38

Ethnic Struggle

Question 39

It refers to the methodical massacre of one category of people by another.

Answer 39

Genocide

Question 40

A dominant group may try to destroy the cultures of certain ethnic groups or force them to adopt to a dominant culture (forced assimilation).

Answer 40

Ethnocide

Question 41

This pattern intergroup relations refers to the treatment of a group of people as property.

Answer 41

Slavery

Question 42

The manner of acquiring slaves

Answer 42

war, invasion, or exchange.

Question 43

war between ethnic groups often as a result of ethnic nationalism.

Answer 43

Ethnic conflict or ethnic war

Question 44

holds that ethnicity has existed at all times of human history and that modern ethnic groups have historical continuity into the far past.

Answer 44

Primordialism

Question 45

They explain ethnicity as a mechanism of social stratification, meaning that ethnicity is the basis for a hierarchical arrangement of individuals. (apartheid)

Answer 45

Instrumentalist

Question 46

supports the idea that ethnic groups are only products of human social interaction, maintained only in so far as they are maintained as valid social constructs in societies.

Answer 46

Constructivist