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Anthraquinones Flashcards

1
Q

Scientific name - rhubarb

A

Rheum officinale, Rheum rhaponticum, Rheum palmatum

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2
Q

Family - rhubarb

A

Polygonaceae

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3
Q

Constituents (3) - rhubarb

A

Rhein anthrones (2.2%), glucorhein, glucogallic acid

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4
Q

Adulterant for rhapontic rhubarb

A

Rhaponticin

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5
Q

Which rhubarb variety has a rhanponticin adulterant?

A

Rhapontic rhubarb

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6
Q

T or F: rhaponticin gives a blue fluorescence under light

A

t

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7
Q

What is a macroscopic evaluation to determine a certain rhubarb variety?

A

Fluoresence test (blue fluorescence for rhaponticin of rhapontic rhubarb)

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8
Q

3 types of rhubarb

A

High-grade (Chinghai, Shensi-type), Medium-grade (Canton-type), Third grade

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9
Q

Use - rhubarb

A

Kidney stones, Jaundice

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10
Q

Part used - senna

A

Dried leaflets

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11
Q

Scientific name - senna

A

Cassia angustifolia (Tinnevelly senna), Cassia acutifolia (Alexandria senna)

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12
Q

Ways to differentiate between the 2 sennas

A

MgOAc in daylight, Filtered UV

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13
Q

w/ MgOAc in Daylight: Alexandria

A

Pink

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14
Q

w/ MgOAc in Daylight: Tinnevelly

A

Orange

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15
Q

Filtered UV: Alexandria

A

Green-orange

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16
Q

Filtered UV: Tinnevelly

A

Yellow-green

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17
Q

Family - senna

A

Fabaceae

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18
Q

Constituents - senna

A

Sennosides A and B (major), sennosides C and D (minor)

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19
Q

What type of anthraquinone glycoside are the components of senna?

A

Dianthrone glycoside

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20
Q

Use - senna

A

Very potent cathartic (more than sacred bark) - due to 2 anthrones

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21
Q

Where is senna cultivated?

A

Wetlands

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22
Q

T or F: senna resembles rice paddies and are successor to rice

A

T

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23
Q

Senna resembles what?

A

Rice paddies

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24
Q

Senna is a successor to what?

A

Rice

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25
Adulterated with argel leaves
Senna
26
Senna has an adulterant called ____ (____)
Argel leaves (Solenostemma arghel)
27
Which senna leaves have the best quality?
Blue-green leaves
28
Which senna leaves have the poorest quality?
Yellow leaves
29
What type of anthraquinone glycoside is goa powder?
Anthranol glycoside
30
Would goa powder test positive on Borntrager's Test?
No
31
Would goa powder test positive on Modified Borntrager's Test?
Yes
32
Scientific name - goa powder
Andira araroba
33
Family - goa powder
Fabaceae
34
Constituents - goa powder
Chrysarobin (anthranol)
35
T or F: Chrysarobin can be used as a laxative?
F. too drastic effect as laxative or cathartic
36
Use of chrysarobin
Anti-eczema, anti-psoriasis, antifungal, antiviral (Topical)
37
Use - goa powder
keratolytic (for psoriasis, trichophytosis, eczema)
38
What reagent is used to extract chrysarobin?
Hot benzene
39
Only anthraquinone glycoside too irritating for oral use
Chrysarobin
40
Hot benzene is used to extract this glycoside
Chrysarobin
41
What has replaced the use of chrysarobin?
Anthralin
42
Scientific name - SJW
Hypericum perforatum
43
Family - SJW
Hypericaceae
44
Consituents - SJW
Hyperforin, hypericin
45
A prenylated ring constituent that acts as a reuptake inhibitor
Hyperforin
46
Hyperforin increases ___, particularly ___, to the postsynaptic fiber leading to sympathetic effect
Neurotransmitters, epinephrine
47
"Nature's Prozac" used to treat depression as it can increase catecholamines
St. John's Wort
48
Well-known enzyme inducer
St. John's Wort
49
T or F: St. John's Wort is a well-known enzyme inhibitor
F - inducer
50
T or F: St. John's Wort increases drug metabolism and can lessen drug DOA and efficacy
T
51
What constituent of SJW is responsible for its enzyme-inducing activity? Which specific enzymes does this constituent induce?
Hyperforin, CYP enzymes
52
Give two examples of anthraquinone as pigments
Danthron, cochineal
53
Synonyms of danthron
Chrysazin, 1,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone
54
Use - danthron (2)
Cathartic, production of anthralin and indanthrene dyestuffs
55
Constituent - cochineal
Carminic acid
56
Source - cochineal
Dried female insect of Dactylopius coccus
57
Use - cochineal
Colorant
58
Tests for anthraquinones
Borntrager's Test, Modified Borntrager's Test
59
(+) results for tests
B: red color on lower alkaline layer, MB: red/pink color on lower alkaline layer
60
Reagent - Borntrager's
Organic solvent, base (NH3OH or NaOH)
61
Reagent - Modified Borntrager's
Ferric chloride / peroxide
62
Use of ferric chloride / peroxide in MB Test
Force oxidative hydrolysis
63
Synonym - sacred bark
Cascara sagrada
64
Scientific name - sacred bark
Rhamnus purshianus
65
Constituent - sacred bark
Barbaloin (cascarosides A, B), Chrysaloin (cascarosides C, D), casanthranol
66
Use - sacred bark
Cathartic for habitual constipation (restores colon's natural tone)
67
T or F: sacred bark restores the natural tone of the colon
T
68
T or F: sacred bark is not used for habitual constipation
F
69
Constituent of sacred bark that is a purified mixture of anthranols
Casanthranol
70
T or F: Casanthranol may be combined with surfactants or hydrocolloids
T
71
Will casanthranol test positive in MB Test?
Yes
72
Will casanthranol test positive in the Borntrager's Test?
No
73
T or F: Buckthorn should be aged 1 year prior to use
F - sacred bark
74
Why should sacred bark be aged 1 year prior to use?
Too irritating
75
What reagents to use for curing sacred bark?
MgO or alkaline earths
76
T or F: aloe is cured with MgO or alkaline earths
F - sacred bark
77
Why is sacred bark cured?
To remove its bitter taste
78
Synonyms - frangulaire
Alder buckthorn
79
Sci name - frangulaire
Rhamnus frangula
80
Family - frangulaire
Rhamnaceae
81
Family - sacred bark
Rhamnaceae
82
Constituents - frangulaire
Frangulin, glucofrangulin
83
Part used - Cascara sagrada
Bark
84
Part used - Alder buckthorn
Dried Bark
85
Use - frangulaire
Cathartic
86
What are the components of "Movicol"?
Frangula, karaya
87
Is Movicol commonly used in the local setting?
No
88
Synonym - karaya
Sterculia gum
89
Synonym - aloe
Sabila
90
Sci Name - aloe (3)
Aloe barbadensis (Curacao aloe), Aloe ferox/spicata (Cape aloe), Aloe perryi (Zanzibar / Socotrine aloe)
91
Family - aloe
Liliaceae
92
Constituents - aloe
Barbaloin, emodin, aloe emodin
93
Use - aloe
Cathartic; compound benzoin tincture (topical protectant); gel for burns, abrasions, skin irritations, purgative, alopecia; lotions or yogurt product (stabilized aloe)
94
Can any form of aloe be used to make lotions or yogurt?
No - only stabilized aloe
95
What preparation used as a topical protectant uses aloe as an ingredient?
Compound benzoin tincture
96
What is compound benzoin tincture for?
Topical protectant
97
2 parts of aloe used to make the gel
Leaves, latex
98
Parts used - aloe
Dried latex, leaves
99
Resulting constituent when aloe emodin's R becomes CH3 and R' becomes OCH3
Physcion
100
R is CH2OH, R' is 1
aloe emodin
101
R is CH3
Emodin
102
R is COOH
Emodic acid
103
T or F: glucogallic acid, glucorhein are glycosides
F - tannins
104
Which plant has glucogallic acid, glucorhein components?
Rhubarb

PCOG Lec (6 decks)

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