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PCOG Lec > Anthraquinones > Flashcards

Anthraquinones Flashcards

1
Q

Scientific name - rhubarb

A

Rheum officinale, Rheum rhaponticum, Rheum palmatum

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2
Q

Family - rhubarb

A

Polygonaceae

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3
Q

Constituents (3) - rhubarb

A

Rhein anthrones (2.2%), glucorhein, glucogallic acid

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4
Q

Adulterant for rhapontic rhubarb

A

Rhaponticin

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5
Q

Which rhubarb variety has a rhanponticin adulterant?

A

Rhapontic rhubarb

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6
Q

T or F: rhaponticin gives a blue fluorescence under light

A

t

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7
Q

What is a macroscopic evaluation to determine a certain rhubarb variety?

A

Fluoresence test (blue fluorescence for rhaponticin of rhapontic rhubarb)

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8
Q

3 types of rhubarb

A

High-grade (Chinghai, Shensi-type), Medium-grade (Canton-type), Third grade

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9
Q

Use - rhubarb

A

Kidney stones, Jaundice

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10
Q

Part used - senna

A

Dried leaflets

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11
Q

Scientific name - senna

A

Cassia angustifolia (Tinnevelly senna), Cassia acutifolia (Alexandria senna)

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12
Q

Ways to differentiate between the 2 sennas

A

MgOAc in daylight, Filtered UV

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13
Q

w/ MgOAc in Daylight: Alexandria

A

Pink

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14
Q

w/ MgOAc in Daylight: Tinnevelly

A

Orange

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15
Q

Filtered UV: Alexandria

A

Green-orange

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16
Q

Filtered UV: Tinnevelly

A

Yellow-green

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17
Q

Family - senna

A

Fabaceae

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18
Q

Constituents - senna

A

Sennosides A and B (major), sennosides C and D (minor)

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19
Q

What type of anthraquinone glycoside are the components of senna?

A

Dianthrone glycoside

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20
Q

Use - senna

A

Very potent cathartic (more than sacred bark) - due to 2 anthrones

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21
Q

Where is senna cultivated?

A

Wetlands

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22
Q

T or F: senna resembles rice paddies and are successor to rice

A

T

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23
Q

Senna resembles what?

A

Rice paddies

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24
Q

Senna is a successor to what?

A

Rice

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25
Q

Adulterated with argel leaves

A

Senna

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26
Q

Senna has an adulterant called ____ (____)

A

Argel leaves (Solenostemma arghel)

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27
Q

Which senna leaves have the best quality?

A

Blue-green leaves

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28
Q

Which senna leaves have the poorest quality?

A

Yellow leaves

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29
Q

What type of anthraquinone glycoside is goa powder?

A

Anthranol glycoside

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30
Q

Would goa powder test positive on Borntrager’s Test?

A

No

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31
Q

Would goa powder test positive on Modified Borntrager’s Test?

A

Yes

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32
Q

Scientific name - goa powder

A

Andira araroba

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33
Q

Family - goa powder

A

Fabaceae

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34
Q

Constituents - goa powder

A

Chrysarobin (anthranol)

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35
Q

T or F: Chrysarobin can be used as a laxative?

A

F. too drastic effect as laxative or cathartic

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36
Q

Use of chrysarobin

A

Anti-eczema, anti-psoriasis, antifungal, antiviral (Topical)

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37
Q

Use - goa powder

A

keratolytic (for psoriasis, trichophytosis, eczema)

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38
Q

What reagent is used to extract chrysarobin?

A

Hot benzene

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39
Q

Only anthraquinone glycoside too irritating for oral use

A

Chrysarobin

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40
Q

Hot benzene is used to extract this glycoside

A

Chrysarobin

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41
Q

What has replaced the use of chrysarobin?

A

Anthralin

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42
Q

Scientific name - SJW

A

Hypericum perforatum

43
Q

Family - SJW

A

Hypericaceae

44
Q

Consituents - SJW

A

Hyperforin, hypericin

45
Q

A prenylated ring constituent that acts as a reuptake inhibitor

A

Hyperforin

46
Q

Hyperforin increases ___, particularly ___, to the postsynaptic fiber leading to sympathetic effect

A

Neurotransmitters, epinephrine

47
Q

“Nature’s Prozac” used to treat depression as it can increase catecholamines

A

St. John’s Wort

48
Q

Well-known enzyme inducer

A

St. John’s Wort

49
Q

T or F: St. John’s Wort is a well-known enzyme inhibitor

A

F - inducer

50
Q

T or F: St. John’s Wort increases drug metabolism and can lessen drug DOA and efficacy

A

T

51
Q

What constituent of SJW is responsible for its enzyme-inducing activity? Which specific enzymes does this constituent induce?

A

Hyperforin, CYP enzymes

52
Q

Give two examples of anthraquinone as pigments

A

Danthron, cochineal

53
Q

Synonyms of danthron

A

Chrysazin, 1,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone

54
Q

Use - danthron (2)

A

Cathartic, production of anthralin and indanthrene dyestuffs

55
Q

Constituent - cochineal

A

Carminic acid

56
Q

Source - cochineal

A

Dried female insect of Dactylopius coccus

57
Q

Use - cochineal

A

Colorant

58
Q

Tests for anthraquinones

A

Borntrager’s Test, Modified Borntrager’s Test

59
Q

(+) results for tests

A

B: red color on lower alkaline layer, MB: red/pink color on lower alkaline layer

60
Q

Reagent - Borntrager’s

A

Organic solvent, base (NH3OH or NaOH)

61
Q

Reagent - Modified Borntrager’s

A

Ferric chloride / peroxide

62
Q

Use of ferric chloride / peroxide in MB Test

A

Force oxidative hydrolysis

63
Q

Synonym - sacred bark

A

Cascara sagrada

64
Q

Scientific name - sacred bark

A

Rhamnus purshianus

65
Q

Constituent - sacred bark

A

Barbaloin (cascarosides A, B), Chrysaloin (cascarosides C, D), casanthranol

66
Q

Use - sacred bark

A

Cathartic for habitual constipation (restores colon’s natural tone)

67
Q

T or F: sacred bark restores the natural tone of the colon

A

T

68
Q

T or F: sacred bark is not used for habitual constipation

A

F

69
Q

Constituent of sacred bark that is a purified mixture of anthranols

A

Casanthranol

70
Q

T or F: Casanthranol may be combined with surfactants or hydrocolloids

A

T

71
Q

Will casanthranol test positive in MB Test?

A

Yes

72
Q

Will casanthranol test positive in the Borntrager’s Test?

A

No

73
Q

T or F: Buckthorn should be aged 1 year prior to use

A

F - sacred bark

74
Q

Why should sacred bark be aged 1 year prior to use?

A

Too irritating

75
Q

What reagents to use for curing sacred bark?

A

MgO or alkaline earths

76
Q

T or F: aloe is cured with MgO or alkaline earths

A

F - sacred bark

77
Q

Why is sacred bark cured?

A

To remove its bitter taste

78
Q

Synonyms - frangulaire

A

Alder buckthorn

79
Q

Sci name - frangulaire

A

Rhamnus frangula

80
Q

Family - frangulaire

A

Rhamnaceae

81
Q

Family - sacred bark

A

Rhamnaceae

82
Q

Constituents - frangulaire

A

Frangulin, glucofrangulin

83
Q

Part used - Cascara sagrada

A

Bark

84
Q

Part used - Alder buckthorn

A

Dried Bark

85
Q

Use - frangulaire

A

Cathartic

86
Q

What are the components of “Movicol”?

A

Frangula, karaya

87
Q

Is Movicol commonly used in the local setting?

A

No

88
Q

Synonym - karaya

A

Sterculia gum

89
Q

Synonym - aloe

A

Sabila

90
Q

Sci Name - aloe (3)

A

Aloe barbadensis (Curacao aloe), Aloe ferox/spicata (Cape aloe), Aloe perryi (Zanzibar / Socotrine aloe)

91
Q

Family - aloe

A

Liliaceae

92
Q

Constituents - aloe

A

Barbaloin, emodin, aloe emodin

93
Q

Use - aloe

A

Cathartic; compound benzoin tincture (topical protectant); gel for burns, abrasions, skin irritations, purgative, alopecia; lotions or yogurt product (stabilized aloe)

94
Q

Can any form of aloe be used to make lotions or yogurt?

A

No - only stabilized aloe

95
Q

What preparation used as a topical protectant uses aloe as an ingredient?

A

Compound benzoin tincture

96
Q

What is compound benzoin tincture for?

A

Topical protectant

97
Q

2 parts of aloe used to make the gel

A

Leaves, latex

98
Q

Parts used - aloe

A

Dried latex, leaves

99
Q

Resulting constituent when aloe emodin’s R becomes CH3 and R’ becomes OCH3

A

Physcion

100
Q

R is CH2OH, R’ is 1

A

aloe emodin

101
Q

R is CH3

A

Emodin

102
Q

R is COOH

A

Emodic acid

103
Q

T or F: glucogallic acid, glucorhein are glycosides

A

F - tannins

104
Q

Which plant has glucogallic acid, glucorhein components?

A

Rhubarb

PCOG Lec (6 decks)

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