Anterior Leg and Dorsum of Foot Flashcards
What are the 4 muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg?
Tibialis anterior
Extensor digitorum longus
extensor hallucis longus
fibularis tertius
(ticklish damsels hate fucking teases)
What is the general function of the anterior leg muscles?
dorsiflexes the foot and exteds the toes
Which two anterior musles also inverts the foot at the subtalar and transverse tarsal joints?
the tibialis anterior and the fibularis tertius
How is the anterior compartment of the leg innervated?
the deep fibular nerve
The deep fibular nerve divides into what? where?
medial and lateral branches on the dorsum of the foot
THe anterior tibial artery runs with what nerve along the interosseous membrane?
the deep fibular nerve
What do the anterior tibial artery and vein become in the foot?
the dorsalis pedis artery and vein
What prevents bowstringing of the muscles in the anterior compartment?
the extensor retinacula
What are the two muscles in the lateral compartment of the leg?
the fibularis longus and fibularis brevis
What do the lateral compartment muscles do?
they both plantarflex the foot and evert the foot at the subtalar and transverse tarsal joints
How is the lateral compartment innervated?
the superficial fibular nerve (branch of the common fibular nerve)
What holds the fibular muscles in place as they pass behind the lateral malleolus?
the fibular retinacula
WHat muscle has tendons that arise from the calcaneus and join the tendons of the extensor digitorum longus?
the extensor digitorum brevis
WHat is the medial part of the extensor digitorum brevis called?
the extensor hallucis brevis
What does the dorsalis pedis artery terminate as? What part gives off dibital branches to the toes?
terminates as the first dorsal metatarsal artery and deep plantar arteries
the arcuate artery is what gives off digital branches to the toes
How does the deep fibular nerve terminate?
as a digital branch that supplies the cleft between the first and second toes
WHat nerve supplies the majority of the cutaneous dorsum of the foot?
the superficial fibular nerve
the deep fibular nerve just does the area between the 1st and 2nd toes and the surfal nerve does the very lateral part
Why are so many ligaments and cartilage layers necessary for the knee?
because it’s inherently unstable since the condyles are round and the tibial plateau is flat
What ligaments run down the sides of the knee?
the fibular collateral ligament
the tibial collateral ligament
When are the collateral ligaments taut?
when the knee is extended
What are the 2 instrinsic ligaments in the knee joint?
the anterior cruciate ligament and the posterior cruciate ligament
Where do the ACL and PCL attach? What is their function?
ACL attaches anteriorly on the tibia = prevents hyperestension (posterior displacement of the tibia on the femur
PCL attaches posteriorly on the tibia = prevents anterior displacement of the femur or posterior displacement of the tibia.
The PCL tightens during knee…
flexion
Which is stronger, the ACL or PCL?
PCL
What are the menisci?
they are concave fibrocartilage pads on the tibia that cradles the founded femoral condyles
they are shock absorbers
attach to the articular cartilage paripherally.
What areas of the menisci will heal better?
the outer portions - they get their blood supply peripherally
What shape is the medial meniscus?lateral meniscus?
medial is c-shaped
the lateral is circular
Why do injuries to the tibial collateral ligament often involve the medial meniscus as well?
Why is the same not true for the lateral meniscus and the fibular collateral ligament?
because the medial meniscus is attached firmly to the tibial collateral ligament.
it’s not the case for the lateral meniscus because the fibular collateral ligament is separated from the joint by the popliteus muscle
What nerve is the most commonly injured nerve in the body? Why?
the common fibular nerve
it’s superficially located against the head of the fibula
What major symptoms comes with common fibular nerve injury?
foot drop = paralysis of dorsiflexors and evertors of the foot
associated with a high steppage gait
What happens in compartment syndrome?
it’s an overuse injury where muscles swell within a closed compartment
the pressure causes loss of muscle and nerve function
what is the treatment for an emergent compartment syndrome?
a fasciotomy to relieve the pressure
What is a mild compartment syndrome in the anterior compartment known as?
shin splints
What are the four bursa of the knee that communicate with the synovial cavity?
Which three do NOT communicate with the cavity?
suprapatellar bursa
popliteus bursa
gastrocnemius bursa
semimembranous bursa
and these don’t:
subcutaneous prepatellar bursa
subcutaneous infraptellar bursa
deep infrapatellar bursa
Bursitis of what bursa causes housemaid’s knee?
subcutaneous prepatellar bursa
bursitis of what bursa causes clergyman’s knee?
subcutaneous infraptellar bursa
What happens in ski boot syndrome?
compression of the deep fibular nerve deep to the inferior band of the extensor retinacuum
usually from wearing a tight shoe
symptoms include pain in the dorsum of foot radiating to 1st and 2nd web space. Also associated with edema in the anterior compartment of the leg.
The cruciate ligaments of the knee are ____ the joint capsule but ____ the synovial membrane.
inside the joint capsule
outside of the synovial membrane
What happens in the unhappy triad?
a football injury caused by a blow to the lateral side of the knee
tears the:
ACL
medial meniscus
tibial collateral ligament
What is the most commonly injured joint in the body?
the talocrural joint of the ankle.
Which ligaments are injured in an eversion sprain? An inversion sprain?
the deltoid (medial) ligaments are sprained in an eversion
the lateral collateral ligaments are sprained in an inversion (much more common)
What is a pott’s fracture?
in forced eversion of the foot, the deltoid ligaments are strained and can avulse the medial malleolus
the talus moves laterally and breaks the distal fibula
Which ligament is most commonly sprained in the ankle?
anterior talofibular ligament
WHy are children more likely to break their ankles than sprain them?
their ligaments are very tough
