Anterior abdominal wall Flashcards by Wen Yong

Origin of external oblique

Arise just lateral to the anterior extremities of the lower eight ribs.

Upper four interdigitate with serratus anterior.
Lower four interdigitate with lat dorsi.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Insertion of external oblique

Ribs 5-12

Iliac crest & pubic tubercle

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Borders of external oblique

Three borders; a posterior muscular, and an upper and lower aponeurotic. The first two lie free. The latter is rolled.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Arterial supply of external oblique

Check: Branches of superior and inferior epigastric, superficial epigastric, the lumbar and deep circumflex arteries, superficial circumflex iliac arteries, ascending branch of deep circumflex artery

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Borders of lumbar triangle of petit

Anterior border is the posterior margin of external oblique
Posterior border is the anterior margin of lat dorsi
Base is the iliac crest
Floor is the internal oblique

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What artery is at risk in a gridiron incision?

The ascending branch of the deep circumflex iliac artery

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What planes divide the abdomen into nine regions?

Left and right midclavicular lines: extend down to midinguinal points
Intertubercular plane: runs between the tubercles of the iliac crests
Transpyloric plane: found midway between the jugular notch and the top of the pubic symphysis. Some clinicians use the supcostal plane, a little lower.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Name the nine abdominal regions

Three rows from superior to inferior:
Left and right hypochondral and epigastric
Left and right lumbar and umbilical
Left and right iliac and hypogastric or suprapubic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Innervation of external oblique

Lateral cutaneous branches of the lower intercostal and subcostal nerves (T7-12)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the attachments and significance of the upper border of the external oblique aponeurosis

Runs free from the fifth rib to the xiphisternum. Is the only structure in the anterior rectus sheath above the costal margin.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Innervation of internal oblique

Lower intercostal and subcostal nerves (T7-12) and iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves (L1). The lowest fibres are innervated by L1 which is hence responsible for the integrity of the inguinal canal

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Innervation of transversus abdomens

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Innervation of pyrimidalis

Subcostal nerve T12

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Origin and insertion of the inguinal ligament of Poupart

ASIS to pubic tubercle

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What happens to the inguinal ligament when the thigh is extended?

The fascia lata pulls the ligament downward in a gentle convexity

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What abdominal muscles arise from which part of the inguinal ligament?

The edge of the ligament is inrolled. The internal oblique and transverses muscles arise from the lateral part of this gutter

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Describe the relations of the superficial inguinal ring

V shaped gap above and lateral to the pubic tubercle. The gap extends down to the pubic crest, medial to the tubercle. The aponeurosis is attached to the medial part of the pubic crest, beside the pubic symphysis.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Describe the relations and give the eponym of the lacunar ligament

Gimbernat

Arises from the medial end of the inguianl ligament and extends backwards to the pectineal line

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the intercrural fibres?

Found at the apex of the superficial inguinal ring, fibres running at right angles to those of the aponeurosis. These blend and prevent the crura from separating.

Where does the reflected part of the inguinal ligament run?

From the pubic tubercle, fibres running upwards and medially behind the spermatic cord to interdigitate in the linea alba

Origin of internal oblique muscle

Lumbar fascia, anterior two thirds of iliac crest and lateral two thirds of inguinal ligament

Insertion of internal oblique muscle

Costal margin, aponeurosis of rectus sheath (both ant and post), conjoint tendon to pubic crest and pectineal line.
The anterior configuration changes at the conjoint tendon
A free lower border arches over the spermatic cord - laterally in front of the cord, medially behind the cord

Origin of transversus abdominus

Costal margin (from inside each costal cartilage, interdigitating with the costal origins of the diaphragm), lumbar fascia of quadrates lumborum,internal lip of iliac crest, the fascia over iliacus, and the lateral half of inguinal ligament deep to OM

Insertion of transverses abdominus

Aponeurosis of post rectus sheath above arcuate line, and ant rectus sheath below arcuate line, fusing behind IOM fibres then together forming the conjoint tendon to pubic crest and pectineal line

Origin of rectus abdominus

Two heads per belly; medial from pubic crest and lateral from pubic symphysis.

Insertion of rectus abdominus

Most to 5th, 6th, 7th costal cartilages (= EOM), some to medial inferior costal margin (i.e. lower border of 7th costal cartilage = IOM, and the xiphisternal fibres of the diaphragm = int oblique)

Action of rectus abdominus

Flexes trunk, aids forced expiration and increases IAP

Action of external and internal oblique muscles

Support, expiration, raises IAP and with muscles of opposite side abducts and rotates trunk

Action of transversus abdominus

Support, expiration, conjoint tendon supports inguinal canal

Action of pyrimidalis

Reinforces rectus sheath

Origin of pyrimidalis

Pubic crest, anterior to origin of rectus abdominus, but posterior to RA's sheath.

Insertion of pyrimidalis

Lower linea alba, approx 4cm or 1.5inch above its origin

Body of rectus abdominus

The two bellies lie edge to edge below the arcuate line. Separated by the linea alba above the arcuate line. Three tendinous intersections - umbilicus, xiphisternum, and one between these two. Sometimes also found below the umbilicus. Intersections are superficial only - do not involve the posterior sheath.

Linea alba origin and insertion

From xiphoid process to pubic symphysis. Lower portion very narrow. Broadens from just below the umbilicus.

Which muscles form what parts of the rectus sheath?

EOM anterior, TAM posterior, IOM splits around. Below the arcuate line all pass anteriorly. Here TAM and IOM fuse completely, EOM only fuses in the midline.

What is the semilunar line?

A shallow and bloodless groove running from the pubic tubercle to the costal margin (at the transpyloric plane), formed by the splitting of IOM aponeurosis around RA

Describe the nerve supply to rectus and its sheath

Posterior intercostal nerves T7-11 pass between TAM and IOM and enter the sheath and enter the midline of the rectus by piercing the posterior layer of IO aponeurosis.. They pass through the anterior sheath to become the anterior cutaneous nerves. T7 runs up, T8 transverse, the rest obliquely downwards

How do cutaneous nerves to the lateral abdominal wall arise?

Posterior intercostal nerves T7-11 run between IOM and TAM. Before reaching the sheath they give off lateral cutaneous branches which pierce IOM and EOM to the skin and supply EOM also.

What does the subcostal nerve supply?

T12 subcostal supplies Ant Abd Wall, RAM, PM, and has a lateral cutaneous branch to the buttock

Describe the vascular supply to the anterior abdominal wall

Superior epigastric artery passes through the diaphragm to anastomose with inf epigastric artery within rectus abdominus. Inferior epigastric arises from the external iliac artery at the inguinal ligament, passes behind the conjoint tendon and enters RA via the arcuate line. The deep circumflex iliac artery arises from ext iliac, runs laterally to ASIS between TAM and iliac fascia, and anastomoses with iliolumbar and gluteal arteries. At the ASIS it gives off an ascending branch which enters the NV plan to anastomose with IEA and lumbar arteries. Lumbar arteries supply the anterolatereal abdominal wall but do not reach the rectus sheath.

Describe the venous drainage of the anterior abdominal wall

Veins accompany arteries

Describe the lymphatic drainage of the abdominal wall

Superficial lymph drainage in quadrants to the pectoral group of axillary nodes above and the superficial inguinal below. Deep is into extra peritoneal tissue then above to mediastinal and below to external iliac and para-aortic

What are the four actions of the abdominal muscles?

1. Move the trunk - ant and wall is the flexor of the vertebral column but not TAM 2. Depress the ribs for expiration - recti and obliques, not TAM 3. Compress the abdomen EOM, IOM, and aided strongly by TAM 4. Support the viscera EOM and IOM but not transversus are abductors and rotators of the trunk - L) EOM works with R) IOM and vice versa. Needed for one armed movements e.g. tennis.

What are the contents of the rectus sheath?

Rectus abdominus Pyramidalis The ends of the lower six thoracic nerves and their accompanying posterior intercostal vessels

How else may the arcuate line be known?

The semicircular line of Douglas dammit

How does the diaphragm overcome being weaker than the abdominal wall?

Closure of the glottis =/- closure of the mouth and nasopharynx

How do you test the anterior abdominal wall?

Test RA by lying on back and raising head without using the arms. No specific tests for the others.