Antenatal Factors Flashcards
What are teenage mothers more likely to do? And what does it put them at higher risk for?
Smoking and inadequate weight gain - premature births, low birth weight infants, iron deficiency anemia, preeclampsia/eclampsia, STDs, using alcohol/drugs (causing fetal abnormalities), lack of partner support
what is cephalopelvic disproportion and who’s at risk for this?
mismatch size between the fetal head and the size of the maternal pelvis, results in a obstructed labor - teenage mothers
what are women pregnant over 35 at risk for?
death associated with pregnancy increases with age (woman over 40 are 5 times more likely to die they under 25). Preexisting health increase problems such as placenta pre is, abruptio placenta, and spontaneous abortion. Down syndrome increases, marked increase past 40. Macrosomia and congenital malformations are more common
what increases likely hood of multiple gestation?
IVF, ovulation inducing drugs, and age (past 30 years)
what are infants born from multiple gestation at risk for?
prematurely, low birth weights. 50% of twins and 90% or triplets are born premature. low birth weights increases morbidities such as cerebral palsy and intellectual disability. increased risk for genetic disorders such as neutral tube defects, GI defects, and cardiac abnormalities is twice that in twins compared to single gestation
what is a grand mulpartity?
what is great grand mulpartity?
-5 or greater deliveries of live or stillborn infants at or greater then 20 weeks
-10 or greater….
what does grand multiparty put you at risk for?
Placenta pre is, abruptio placentae, preeclampsia, hemorrhage, C-section, fetal LGA/SGA, and breech. Poor prenatal care and increase risk for disease such as DM and HTN. Age also is a significant factor.
Maternal stress impacts fetus and newborn how?
neuro development of fetus resulting in behavioral and neurological impairments of child. Fetuses have less variability in FHTs. If mother is depressed, fetus tends to be more active, if mother is anxious, less active
Maternal smoking/alcohol effects on fetus and newborn?
-smoking can cause low birth weights, spontaneous abortion, placenta abruption, preterm birth, and developmental problems
-Alcohol cause FAS, cognitive and physical impairments, skeletal and organ malformations
maternal exercise causes?
improved circulation, improved sleep, elevated mood, decreased duration of labor and prevents excessive weight gain. it can impair oxygenation in to fetus and there’s an increased risk for maternal falls
Increased calorie intake during pregnancy?
none in first trimester, 300 more in 2nd-3rd trimester (600 for twins)
daily iron intake for pregnant woman?
27 mg
daily protein intake for pregnant woman?
71g
daily fruit and vegetables intake for pregnant women?
2-4 fruits
3-5 vegetables
mothers that are malnourished/under weight cause neonates to be at increased risk for?
low APGAR scores, low birth weights, and SGA.
thiamine deficiency causes what in the developing fetus?
congestive heart failure, stillborns
folic acid deficiency cause what in the developing fetus?
megaloblastic anemia, neural tube defects
megaloblastic anemia
characterized by very large red blood cells that are underdeveloped in the inner contents
neural tube defects
the neural tube does not close properly - happens very early in pregnancy. the two most common types are spinal bifida (spinal cord defect) and anencephaly (a brain defect)
vitamin d and calcium deficiency causes?
skeletal defects
infant of obese woman are at risk for?
macrocosmic, resp fetal distress, early neonatal death, meconium aspiration, shoulder dystocia, C-section
how long should you wait post bariatric surgery to become pregnant and why?
-12-24 months
-maternal nutritional status needs to be monitored very closely before and during pregnancy
how can anxiety effect effect pregnancy and labor?
anxiety increases perception of pain by triggering the release of catecholamines who go increase pelvic pain and maybe a major factor in labor pains. Increases muscle tension, decreased effectiveness of uterine contractions and prolongs labor
benzodiazepines effects on fetus and newborn?
inconsistent studies in regards to birth defects or developmental/behavioral problems. neonates maybe have withdraw symptoms such as dyspnea, tremors, jitters, excessive crying and difficulty sleeping. Combining benzos with diphenhydramine may increase risk of stillborn
buspirone effects on fetus and newborn?
little data regarding pregnancy is available but it’s classified as a Class B drug
pregnancy classes for drugs?
-class A = no risk to human studies
-class B = no risk to animal studies
-class C = risk cannot be ruled out. no studies on humans but animal studies demonstrated risk to fetus
-class D = evidence of risk, studies on humans have demonstrated a risk
-class X = contraindicated
SSRIs effects on fetus and newborn?
maybe cause persistent pulmonary HTN of newborn if taken during the last half of pregnancy. withdrawal symptoms maybe occur within 2 days or delivery and similar to those of benzos (dyspnea, tremors, jitters, excessive crying and difficulty sleeping)
SNRIs effects on fetus/neonate?
similar to SSRIs but withdraw symptoms are less pronounced
list alternative treatments for anxiety and depression during pregnancy?
bright light therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, group therapy, relaxation exercises/visualization, support/reassurance, and exercise
