Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Geography-- Global Systems and Governance > Antarctica's governance (treaties and organisations) > Flashcards

Antarctica's governance (treaties and organisations) Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
U.S. Geography flashcards World Geography flashcards
1
Q

when was the Antarctic treaty system signed

A

1959

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how many countries have signed the Antarctic treaty system

A

52 (including the UK and USA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what does ASOC stand for

A

Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is ASOC

A

an NGO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

ASOCs council consists of over how many member organisations

A

30

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the benefit of ASOC being an NGO

A

they do not speak on behalf of governments but simply in the best interest of Antarctica and its ecosystem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

when was ASOC created

A

mid 1970s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what does ASOCs current work involve

A

providing information on how to protect the Antarctic environment to treaty parties
report back to the public on the progress/lack of on key conservation issues
asoc campaigners are experts in their subject areas and the papers they produce are widely respected and cited
enhance public awareness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is ASOCs role in the Antarctic treaty system

A

they are an environmental observer so provide information to governments and represent the global conservation community

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how effective are ASOC in monitoring threats and protecting Antarctica

A

very effective, particularly due to their status as an NGO, their team of experts and legislation.
also involved in enforcing the legislation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

example of organisation ASOC recently set up and what it does

A

Members of International Maritime Organisation (IMO)- which from 2017 will introduce mandatory safety and pollution prevention measures for cruise ships and large cargo ships

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

negative impact of ASOC being an NGO

A

have no political backing - so when it comes down to it there is no outright political support for the legislation they pass unless they are able to convince key governments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are ASOC campaigning to do in the Ross Sea and why

A

campaigning for it to be declared an MPA (Marine Protected Area) as it is one of the last remaining stretches of ocean on earth that has not been harmed by human activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what area of Antarctica does the Antarctic treaty not cover

A

the sea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what governs the ATS

A

Antarctic treaty consultative meetings- holds annual meetings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

the ATS is a combination of

A

the Antarctic treaty and other related systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

examples of articles (terms) within the Antarctic treaty

A

treaty nations will exchange plans for their scientific programs (means no conflict or unnecessary experiments)
nuclear explosions banned
national laws do not apply to stations or areas, but only to the citizens of those countries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

has any party called to have the treaty review

A

no- in the original treaty it said that any party could call for a review after the expiration of 30 years but no party has done so

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

when was the Antarctic treaty put in place

A

1961

20
Q

what is the IWC

A

international whaling commission

21
Q

what did the IWC put in place in 1982

A

a global whaling moratorium (a moratorium is a law imposed by something other than a governing body)

22
Q

what is the benefit of a total ban on whaling

A

easy to see when a country is breaking the law - there is no confusion as it is outright banned. everyone loses out equally

23
Q

reasons the moratorium was required

A

by 1970 the total number of blue whales had decreased to less than 6,000- if hunting had continued they would have gone extinct

24
Q

how effective has the southern ocean whale sanctuary been in stopping Antarctic whaling (how it HAS been effective)

A

protects the entirety of the area around Antarctica
ecotourism provides economic benefits to those who rely on whales for an income
raise awareness for whaling

25
Q

how effective has the southern ocean whale sanctuary been in stopping Antarctic whaling (how it HAS NOT been effective)

A

Is not law
doesn’t provide sanctuary for whales outside of that area
doesn’t prevent ‘scientific’ whaling
japan completely ignored it
no large body behind it- cant be properly enforced
has to be kept up to date as whales migrate

26
Q

what is SCAR

A

scientific committee on Antarctic research

27
Q

what does SCAR provide

A

provides international independent scientific advice to the Antarctic Treaty System and other bodies

28
Q

what type of organisation is the IWC

A

a governmental organisation

29
Q

key features of the international convention for the regulation of whaling

A 
conserving whale stocks
stops commercial whaling 
allows scientific whaling 
assists with the whale tourism industry 
sets up whale sanctuary
30
Q

when was the madrid protocol put in place

A

1991

31
Q

how many countries have signed the madrid agreement

A

34

32
Q

what is the focus of the madrid protocol

A

environmental protection

33
Q

5 key focus points of the madrid protocol

A 
no mining 
clean up sites
no plastics/waste disposal and management 
no marine pollution 
no taking animals and plants
34
Q

positives of the madrid protocol (4)

A

high standard of implementation
committee for environmental protection (CEP) involves regular meetings
parties have to report annually and give reports on treaty implementation- high level of transparency
covers a wide range of aspects

35
Q

negatives of the Madrid protocol (3)

A

is in place until 2048 (30 years)- law may then be changed or completely abolished
not focussed on one thing- reduced effectiveness
ambiguity on a number of the key terms means it is regularly exploited by treaty parties - undermines goal of the entire protocol

36
Q

when was the conservation of Antarctic seals put in place

A

1972

37
Q

the conservation of Antarctic seals is also included in what treaty

A

the Antarctic treaty

38
Q

how many countries signed the conservation of Antarctic seals

A

12- but as it is part of the Antarctic treaty countries within the treaty are expected to adhere to it as well

39
Q

key aims of the conservation of Antarctic seals

A

promote and achieve the objectives of protection, scientific study and rational use of Antarctic seals to maintain a satisfactory balance within the ecological system

40
Q

what percentage of the world’s fur seals does Antarctica have

A

33%

41
Q

the conservation of Antarctic seals is designed to prevent what

A

stop sealing from reoccurring and the killing of both Ross and Antarctic fur seals is strictly prohibited

42
Q

positives of the conservation of Antarctic seals

A

all 6 seals that breed in Antarctica are covered (before the law they didn’t have protection)

43
Q

drawbacks of the conservation of Antarctic seals

A

the specificity of the convention - only focusses on seals in the Antarctic so other species and seals outside of the Antarctic are not covered

44
Q

what does CCAMLR stand for

A

The Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources

45
Q

aims of the CCAMLR

A

conserve marine life in the southern ocean
includes preserving species of fin fish, crustaceans, birds, etc
specifically does not include seals or whales (already covered)

46
Q

achievements of the CCAMLR

A

management decisions take into account the impact on the ecosystem
recognised internationally

47
Q

drawbacks of the CCAMLR

A

still only focussed on certain marine life, not the ecosystem as a whole

Geography-- Global Systems and Governance (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions