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Globalisation > Antarctica > Flashcards

Antarctica Flashcards

1
Q

What is the climate of Antarctica like and why?

A

Coldest, driest, windiest place on earth, because it was cut off from all weather systems with no warmth from the north when Pangea separated.

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2
Q

How many years ago did ice begin to cover the continent?

A

25 million years ago

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3
Q

How thick is ice cover over entire continent now?

A

1-3 miles thick

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4
Q

By what percentage does the continent expand during winter?

A

100% due to sea freezing

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5
Q

What was the motive for the first 5 landings on Antarctica?

A

seal hunting

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6
Q

Who lead the first expedition and when?

A

Robert Falcom Scott from British Navy in 1901

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7
Q

Who was the first person to reach the North Pole?

A

Norwegian Armendson 1911, month before Bristish

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8
Q

How much has the Antarctic peninsula warmed over the last 50 years?

A

3 C

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9
Q

How much ice shelf has been lost since 1950s?

A

28 000km squared

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10
Q

Why does melting ice threaten krill populations?

A

Whales can hunt them easier, as they can’t normally breathe under ice, and fishing is easier.

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11
Q

Explain the positive feedback with ice.

A

As ice melts, it gets darker when turned into water, absorbing more heat than light reflective ice would, leading to more melting, then more heating.

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12
Q

How much oil is available in Antarctica?

A

50 billion barrels

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13
Q

How many permanent research bases are there? And where are they?

A

40 on limited breeding ground for many birds

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14
Q

How many airports are on Antarctica?

A

26

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15
Q

When did the Argentine navy ship run aground and how many gallons of fuel did this release into sea?

A

1989, releasing 250,000 gallons

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16
Q

When did krill industry start and what are they used for?

A

1970s for aquaculture feed and pharmaceutical uses

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17
Q

When did whaling begin on a large scale?

A

1904

18
Q

How many humpback, minke and fin whales did Japan catch in 2007 for ‘scientific’ research?

A

50 humpback, 935 minke, 50 fin

19
Q

When were the earliest paying tourists?

A

1920s

20
Q

Over how many years has tourism considerably grown?

A

Last 50 years

21
Q

How many vessels carry tourists for shore visits and special guides?

A

40

22
Q

How many passengers can the few site seeing vessels carry each?

A

960

23
Q

How many private yachts are there annually?

A

1000

24
Q

What is the impact of tourists?

A

Trample, introduce weeds and diseases, disturb wildlife, pollute, damage sea bed and interrupt scientific research.

25
Q

When was the Convention on the conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources started?

A

1982

26
Q

What does the Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources control?

A

Commercial fisheries in the southern ocean, working on an ecosystem basis. All vessels fishing in the area must participate in the monitoring system

27
Q

What did seven tour companies form in 1991?

A

The International Association of Antarctic Tour Operators

28
Q

How many companies from how many countries are now in the International Association of Antarctic Tour Operators?

A

99 companies from 16 countries

29
Q

What does the International Association of Antarctic Tour Operators do?

A

Provide prior notification of activities to authorities, assess environmental impact, provide effective response to environmental emergencies, ensure self sufficiency, respect research, prevent waste.

30
Q

When was the Antarctic Treaty signed and by how many countries?

A

1959, by 12 countries active in the area south of 60 degrees south latitude

31
Q

How many nations have now signed the Antarctic Treaty and what have they signed to do?

A

52 nations have agreed to consult on uses of Antarctica and commit that it shouldn’t become a place of international discord

32
Q

When was the Momatorium made, which controls a ban on whaling?

A

1982

33
Q

How is the Momatorium enforced?

A

Greenpeace and other organisations roam to check fishing and ships are checked when they land

34
Q

Why was the Momatorium introduced?

A

Public was shocked by photograph of a sperm whale that had been harpooned, the demand reduced and whaling was reduced until totally banned

35
Q

How did they decide to provide whales with refuge in 1994 from whaling and a place to recover?

A

Created the Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary

36
Q

What is the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research?

A

A body of international council for science. They provide international, independent scientific advice to the Antarctic Treaty System and other bodies

37
Q

What makes the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research powerful?

A

They have the ability to strike off scientists

38
Q

What is ASOC?

A

An NGO observer with motivation to persuade strong conservation agendas

39
Q

When was ASOC founded?

A

1978, during an environmental awareness boost (James Barnes)

40
Q

What did James Barnes publicly release in 1978 and what did it lead to?

A

Plans of parties in the Antarctic Treaty to extract minerals and gas from Antarctica. Lead to campaigners making France and Australia pull out, and the plans folded

41
Q

ASOC has observer status, so attends treaty meetings but can’t do what?

A

Have no participation in the decision making

42
Q

When was the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty signed?

A

1991

Globalisation (10 decks)

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