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Pharmacology Exam 1 > ANS Sympathetic I > Flashcards

ANS Sympathetic I Flashcards

1
Q

Are Sympathomimetics affecting the SNS direct or indirect acting agonists?

A

BOTH direct and indirect

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2
Q

Are sympatholytics affecting the SNS direct or indirect acting?

A

BOTH direct and indirect

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3
Q

What are the sites of drug action on the SNS?

A

Storage
Release
Receptor
Uptake

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4
Q

What is an example of a drug that acts on storage?

A

Reserpine

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5
Q

Where does Bretylium act?

A

Release

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6
Q

What drug acts as an Alpha-1 agonist?

A

Phenylephrine

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7
Q

What drug acts as an Alpha-1 antagonist?

A

Prasozin

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8
Q

What receptor does xylazine and detomidine act as an agonist on?

A

Alpha-2 receptor

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9
Q

What are the antagonists for Alpha-2 receptors?

A

Yohimbine

Atipamezole

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10
Q

What are two agonists for Beta-1 receptors?

A

Dobutamine

Dopamine

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11
Q

What receptor does Atenolol and Metopropolol act as an antagonist on?

A

Beta-1

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12
Q

What are two agonists for Beta-2 receptors?

A

Salbutamol

Clenbuterol

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13
Q

What is the one antagonist for beta-2 receptors?

A

Propanolol

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14
Q

What are some general clinical uses for adrenergic agonists?

A

Heart disease
Anaphylactic reactions
Obstructive airway disease
Sedation an analgesia

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15
Q

What are some general clinical uses for adrenergic antagonists?

A

Slow the heart
Vasodilation
Reversal of alpha-2 sedation

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16
Q

What are direct acting alpha/beta AGONISTS? (catecholamines)

A 
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Dopamine
Dobutamine
Isoproterenol
Phenylphrine
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17
Q

General characteristics of Catecholamines

A
  • Poorly absorbed after oral administration
  • Readily absorbed from the respiratory tract
  • SC absorption slow if alpha-1 agonist
  • Do NOT readily cross the BBB
  • Action terminated by removal from site of action `
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18
Q

What drug activates ALL adrenergic receptors?

A

Epinephrine

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19
Q

Is epinephrine administered PO?

A

No, but is administered IV, IM, SC, inhaled

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20
Q

Cardiac arrest, anaphylaxis, vasopressor, inotropic infusion are some systemic uses of what drug?

A

Epinephrine

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21
Q

What are some local uses of Epinephrine?

A

Used with local anesthetics to produce local vasoconstriction
Topically to treat hemorrhage
Treating glaucoma

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22
Q

What receptors does Norepinphrine mostly activate?

A

Alpha-1, Alpha-2. Beta-1

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23
Q

T/F: Dopamine’s effects depend on dose

A

TRUE

Low dose- dopamine agonist
Medium-low dose - Beta-1 agonist
Medium- high dose - Beta-1 agonist
High dose - Alpha-1 agonist

24
Q

What drug is a synthetic beta-1 agonist?

A

Dobutamine

25
Q

How are Isoproterenol and Dobutamine given?

A

IV fusion

Side Note: side effects are similar to dopamine

26
Q

Isoproterenol is a _____ Beta agonist.

A

Selective (beta-1 and Beta-2)

27
Q

Phenylephrine

A

Direct -acting alpha-1 agonist

28
Q

What are two Direct- acting beta agonists that are non-selective?

A

Ractopamine

Zilpaterol

29
Q

What receptors do Ractopamine and Zilpaterol act on?

A

Beta -1,2,3

30
Q

What are “partitioning agents?

A

Ractopamine and Zilpaterol are examples

Increase rate of weight gain, feed efficiency and carcass leanness in food animals

31
Q

What are selective beta-2 agonists generally used for?

A

Bronchodilators in treatment of asma or COPD, cilia augmenters

32
Q

What are some cautions of beta-2 agonists?

A

cardiac stimulation, vasodilation, uterine relaxation, nervousness, sweating, Muscle tremors, etc…

33
Q

What drugs are considered ARCI class 3 agents and may be prohibited by some equine associations?

A

Selective beta-2 agonists

34
Q

How are Albuterol and Salbutamol typically administered?

A

With an aersol inhaler

Fun fact: oral absorption is poor due to the high pKa (9.3) so it is ionized in blood and tissue

35
Q

What drug is a selective beta-2 agonist, available as an oral syrup for use in horses,has no human products approved, and outside the US is used as an adjunct for treatment of equine dystocia, but is not permitted in food animals?

A

CLENBUTEROL!!

36
Q

What drug has an oral bioavailability in equines

A

TERBUTALINE!!!

37
Q

What drug was previously used in horses for navicular disease, ocassionally used in cattle as a tocolytic for cesarean operations, fetal manipulation in dystocia, and is a beta-2 agonist that acts a peripheral vasodilator?

A

ISOXSUPRINE!!!

38
Q

What are Indirect-acting sympathomimetics generally used for?

A

CNS effects such as: behavior modification

39
Q

What are some mixed (direct and indirect acting) drugs?

A

Phenylpropanolamine and Ephedrine

40
Q

When is Phenylpropanolamine primarily used?

A

It’s PROIN!! It is used to treat urinary incontinence due to urethral sphincter hypotnous.

41
Q

When phenylpropanolamine is used in combination with Estrogens, is this relationship antagonistic or synergistic?

A

Synergistic

Estrogens will increase alpha-1 receptors in internal sphincter so when used with hormonal therapy it’s a good thing!

42
Q

What drug has an indirect increase in NE release, is now OTC in the US, can increase blood pressure, bronchodilation, mydriasis, and Ma Huang is a herb that is similar?

A

Ephedrine

43
Q

Phenoxybenzamine

A

Non-specific alpha antagonist
Available as oral (10 mg tablets)

Used in SA medicine for:

  • urinary retention due to urethral hypertonicity
  • Pheochromocytoma
44
Q

What two drugs are used for urinary retention due to urethral hypertonicity?

A

Prazosin and Phenoxybenzamine

45
Q

What are two non-selective beta- antagonists?

A

Propanolol and Sotalol

46
Q

What are two selective beta-1 antagonists?

A

Atenolol
Esmolol
Metoprolol

47
Q

What is Propanolol generally used to treat?

A

Tachyarrhythmias

  • Decrease SA firing and AV conduction
48
Q

In what forms is propanolol available?

A

Oral or injectible

Mostly oral

49
Q

Does propanolol readily cross the BBB?

A

Yup!

50
Q

What is the t 1/2 of propanolol?

A

1-2 hours

51
Q

What drug is a beta-1 antagonist, does not cross the BBB as readily, has a longer half life than propanolol, and less effect on beta-2 receptors in lungs?

A

ATENOLOL

52
Q

What beta-1 antagonists has been used in treatment of methylxanthine toxicity?

A

Metoprolol

53
Q

What drug is a selective beta-1 blocker, does not cross the BBB, and has a very short duration so it can be used to test response to beta-blockers.

A

Esmolol

54
Q

What drug is a class III anti-arrhythmic?

A

Sotalol

55
Q

Reserpine

A

Blocks NE uptake into vesicles which reduces storage of NE and leads to mediator depletion.

Used for calming equines (ex. long-term stall rest)

Pharmacology Exam 1 (8 decks)

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