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Therapeutics > ANS Overview > Flashcards

ANS Overview Flashcards

1
Q

Sympathetic nervous system response

A

fight or flight

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2
Q

parasympathetic nervous system response

A

rest and digest

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3
Q

Which nervous system contains peripheral ganglions (2 neuron path)?

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic (autonomic nervous system)

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4
Q

What is the primary neurotransmitter of all preganglionic neurons?

A

Acetylcholine

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5
Q

What is the neurotransmitter in all parasympathetic nervous system post ganglionic neurons?

A

Acetylcholine

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6
Q

What is the transmitter in most sympathetic postganglionic neurons?

A

norepinephrine

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7
Q

What target tissues are the exception for sympathetic postganglionic neurons?

A

Sweat glands, renal vasculature, adrenal medulla

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8
Q

What is the transmitter in the postganglionic neuron for sweat glands?

A

Acetylcholine

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9
Q

What is the transmitter in the postganglionic neuron for renal vascular smooth muscle?

A

Dopamine

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10
Q

What is the transmitter in the postganglionic neuron for the adrenal medulla?

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

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11
Q

What is the primary neurotransmitter for the somatic nervous system?

A

Acetylcholine

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12
Q

What type of receptor is located at the synapse between preganglionic and postganglionic neurons? (both sympathetic and parasympathetic)

A

nicotinic receptors

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13
Q

What type of receptor is activated on the target organ by parasympathetic neurons? What is the neurotransmitter?

A

muscarinic receptor; activated by acetylcholine

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14
Q

What neurotransmitter is released at the synapse between preganglionic neurons and postganglionic neurons? (both sympathetic and parasympathetic)

A

Acetylcholine

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15
Q

What type of receptor is activated on the target organ by most sympathetic neurons? What is the neurotransmitter?

A

adrenergic receptors (alpha and beta); activated by norepinephrine

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16
Q

What do post-ganglionic neurons involved with stress-related excretion release?

A

norepinephrine

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17
Q

What do post-ganglionic neurons involved with thermoregulation release?

A

Acetylcholine

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18
Q

Where do adrenal pre-ganglionic neurons synapse?

A

directly on the adrenal gland

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19
Q

What is the neurotransmitter released by preganglionic adrenal neurons? What is the receptor?

A

acetylcholine; nicotinic receptors.

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20
Q

What neurotransmitter do adrenal glands release into systemic circulation?

A

epinephrine

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21
Q

What neurotransmitter acts on the renal vascular smooth muscle? What receptor?

A

Dopamine; D1 dopamine receptor.

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22
Q

What is the neuron type for the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Cholinergic

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23
Q

What is the neuron type for the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Adrenergic

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24
Q

What is the endogenous neurotransmitter for cholinergic receptors?

A

Acetylcholine

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25
Q

What are the exogenous neurotransmitters for the cholinergic receptors?

A

Nicotine and Muscarine

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26
Q

What are the endogenous neurotransmitters for the adrenergic receptors?

A

epinephrine (Epi) and norepinephrine (NE)

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27
Q

What are drugs that mimic neurotransmitters referred to as? What this their effect on receptors?

A

receptor agonists; they activate receptors

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28
Q

What are drugs that block neurotransmitters referred to as? What is their effect?

A

receptor antagonists; they block the endogenous neurotransmitters from activating receptors.

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29
Q

What are the two types of cholinoceptors? What are their subtypes? Which part of the ANS do they primarily affect?

A

Nicotinic: Nm, Nn
Muscarinic: M1, M2, M3
Parasympathetic

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30
Q

What are the two types of adrenoceptors? What are their subtypes? Which part of the ANS do they primarily affect?

A

Alpha: A1, A2
Beta: B1, B2, B3
Sympathetic

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31
Q

Where are the nicotinic receptors located?

A

ganglia, skeletal muscle, and the neuronal CNS

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32
Q

What type of receptor is the nicotinic receptor?

A

5 subunit ionotropic sodium ion channel

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33
Q

What is the primary neurotransmitter for the nicotinic receptor? exogenous neurotransmitter?

A

acetylcholine; nicotine (selective)

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34
Q

What type of receptor is the muscarinic receptor?

A

7 transmembrane domain G-protein coupled receptor

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35
Q

Which cholinergic receptors are associated with the Gq pathway ?

A

M1, M3, and M5

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36
Q

Which cholinergic receptors are associated with the Gi pathway?

A

M2 and M4

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37
Q

Describe the pathway for M1, M3, and M5 cholinergic receptors

A

Signal via Gq pathway; IP3 mobilizes Calcium from intercellular stores; DAG activates protein kinase C.

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38
Q

Describe the pathway for M2 and M4 cholinergic receptors

A

Signal via Gi pathway; inhibits adenylyl cyclase

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39
Q

Describe the pathway for a1 adrenergic receptors

A

Signal via Gq pathway; calcium mobilized from intercellular stores; DAG activates protein kinase C

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40
Q

Where are a1 adrenergic receptors found?

A

vascular smooth muscle; genitourinary smooth muscle; intestinal smooth muscle; heart; liver

41
Q

What is the effect of activated a1 adrenergic receptor?

A

mediates vasoconstriction

42
Q

Describe the pathway for a2 adrenergic receptors

A

Signals via Gi pathway; inhibits adenylyl cyclase; reduced CAMP-dependent protein kinase activity; activates certain K+ channels.

43
Q

Where are a2 adrenergic receptors found?

A

found pre-synaptically; function as autoreceptors to inhibit sympathetic output

44
Q

What is the function of a2 adrenergic receptors?

A

Autoreceptors to inhibit sympathetic output; results in decreased transmitter release

45
Q

Describe the pathway for B1, B2, and B3 adrenergic receptors

A

Signal through Gs pathway; activates adenylyl cyclase; increased cAMP leading to protein kinase activation; results in phosphorylation of ion channels and other proteins.

46
Q

M2&4 vs B1 receptor; what is the interaction?

A

Gi (M2&4) vs Gs (B1) the M receptors counteract B1 receptors, reducing cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity

47
Q

Which neurotransmitters are involved in sympathetic mechanisms? What are the receptors called?

A

norepinephrine and epinephrine; adrenergic receptors

48
Q

Which neurotransmitters are involved in parasympathetic mechanisms; what are the receptors called?

A

acetylcholine; cholinergic receptors

49
Q

Which adrenergic receptor mediates the rate of contraction in the heart? What is the response?

A

B1>B2; rate of contraction increases

50
Q

Which adrenergic receptor mediates the force of contraction in the heart? what is the response?

A

B1>B2; force of contraction increases

51
Q

Which cholinergic receptor mediates the rate of contraction in the heart? What is the response?

A

M2; rate of contraction decreases

52
Q

Which cholinergic receptor mediates the force of contraction in the heart? What is the response?

A

M2; force of contraction decreases

53
Q

Which adrenergic receptor mediates the contraction in most arteries? What is the response?

A

a1; vasoconstriction

54
Q

Which adrenergic receptor mediates the contraction in most veins? What is the response?

A

a1&2; vasoconstriction

55
Q

Which adrenergic receptor mediates the contraction of vasculature in most skeletal muscle? What is the response?

A

B2; vasodilation

56
Q

What cholinergic receptor mediates contraction in endothelium? What is the response?

A

M3; Releases EDRF (strong vasodilator)

57
Q

predominant tone (symp vs parasymp) of arterioles

A

sympathetic

58
Q

predominant tone (symp vs parasymp) of veins

A

sympathetic

59
Q

Predominant tone (symp vs parasymp) of sweat glands

A

sympathetic

60
Q

Predominant tone (symp vs parasymp) of heart

A

parasympathetic

61
Q

Predominant tone (symp vs parasymp) of eye (iris)

A

parasympathetic

62
Q

Predominant tone (symp vs parasymp) of eye (ciliary body)

A

parasympathetic

63
Q

Predominant tone (symp vs parasymp) of GI tract

A

parasympathetic

64
Q

Predominant tone (symp vs parasymp) of bladder

A

parasympathetic

65
Q

Predominant tone (symp vs parasymp) of salivary gland

A

parasympathetic

66
Q

Which adrenergic receptor mediates the bronchiolar smooth muscle in the lung? What is the response?

A

B2; bronchodilation

67
Q

Which cholinergic receptor mediates the bronchiolar smooth muscle in the lung? What is the response?

A

M2&3; bronchoconstriction

68
Q

What adrenergic receptor mediates the bladder wall? What is the response?

A

B3; relaxation

69
Q

What adrenergic receptor mediates the ureter? What is the response?

A

a1; contraction

70
Q

Which adrenergic receptor mediates the sphincter? What is the response?

A

a1; contraction

71
Q

Which adrenergic receptor mediates the pregnant uterus? What is the response?

A

B2; relaxation
a1; contraction

72
Q

Which adrenergic receptor mediates the penis/ vas deferens? What is the response?

A

a1; ejaculation

73
Q

Which cholinergic receptor mediates the bladder wall? What is the response?

A

M3; contraction

74
Q

Which cholinergic receptor mediates the ureter? What is the response?

A

M3; relaxation

75
Q

Which cholinergic receptor mediates the sphincter? what is the response?

A

M3; relaxation

76
Q

Which cholinergic receptor mediates the pregnant uterus? What is the response?

A

M3; variable response

77
Q

Which cholinergic receptor mediates the penis/ vas deferens?

A

M3; erection

78
Q

Which adrenergic and cholinergic receptors mediate the salivary glands? What is the response?

A

a1; increases secretion
M3; increases secretion

79
Q

Which adrenergic and cholinergic receptors mediate the smooth muscle walls in the GI tract?

A

a2 and B2; relaxation
M3; contraction

80
Q

Which adrenergic and cholinergic receptors mediate the smooth muscle sphincters in the GI tract?

A

a1; contraction
M3; relaxation

81
Q

Which adrenergic and cholinergic receptors mediate secretion in the GI tract?

A

a2; inhibit secretion
M3; increase secretion

82
Q

Which part of the ANS is the skin controlled by?

A

The sympathetic nervous system only

83
Q

Which adrenergic receptor mediates the hair follicles and smooth muscle in the skin? Response?

A

a1; contraction and piloerection

84
Q

Which receptor mediates thermoregulation in the skin? Response?

A

M3; increase secretion

85
Q

Which receptor mediates stress in the skin? What is the response?

A

a1; increase secretion

86
Q

Which receptors regulate glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver?

A

a1;B2 adrenergic

87
Q

Which receptors regulate the metabolic function of fat cells? What is the response?

A

a1; B1,2,3; lipolysis

88
Q

Which receptors regulate the metabolic function of the kidney? What is the response?

A

B1; increase renin secretion

89
Q

Which receptors regulate the metabolic function of the pancreas? What is the response?

A

a2; decrease insulin release

90
Q

What receptor regulates the radial muscle in the eye? What is the response?

A

a1; contraction

91
Q

What receptor regulates the circular muscle in the iris? what is the response?

A

M3; contraction

92
Q

What receptor regulates the ciliary muscle in the eye? What is the response? Symp/parasymp?

A

Sympathetic: B2; relaxation
Parasympathetic; contraction; M3

93
Q

What receptor regulates the ciliary epithelium in the eye? What is the response?

A

b2; increase secretion of aqueous humor

94
Q

What receptor regulates the lacrimal glands? What is the response? Sympathetic vs parasympathetic?

A

Sympathetic: a1; mucus and enzymes
Parasymp: M3; tears (watery)

95
Q

Which part of the nervous system controls the arteries and veins?

A

Sympathetic only; a1 and B2; constriction and dilation

96
Q

Which muscle and receptor control pupillary constriction?

A

Circular muscle; constricted by parasympathetic nerves and M3

97
Q

Which muscle and receptor control pupillary dilation?

A

Radial muscle; sympathetic nerves and a1

98
Q

Which receptors and muscles are targeted in treatment of glaucoma?

A

M3 agonist- ciliary muscle
a2 agonist- ciliary body
B antagonist- ciliary epithelium

Therapeutics (7 decks)

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