ANS (2) Flashcards
The somatic motor system is what kind of system? how many neurons?
voluntary; 1 neuron (symp and PS)
The visceral motor system is what kind of system? How many neurons
2 neurons, Symp and PS
What neurotransmitter is utilized at the ANS ganglion? What receptor type?
ACh; nitcotinic
What transmitters are utilized by the sympathetic system and where? What receptors are where?
ACh pregang, NE postgang, Alpha receptor- BV, eyes, ductus deferens, B1- heart, B2- lung
Where is the sympathetic preganglion body located?
IML T1-L2, L3
Where is the sympathetic postganglionic path and cell body?
via white rami to lateral chain ganglia (skull to coccyx, via splanchnic to celiac, sup and inf mesenteric ganglia
What are the functions of the sympathetic system?
skin: sweat (ACh), Piloerection, Vasoconstriction; Skeletal muscle vasodilation (Epi);Pupil dilation; Increased HR and contractile force; Bronchodilation, contraction of prostate, seminal vesicle, vas deferens, uterus after orgasm; Inhibit peristalsis of gut, contract int. sphincter, increase mucous in saliva; Release FFA from fat and breakdown glyc. to gluc.- epi
What transmitters are utilized by the sympathetic system and where? What receptors are where?
Acetylcholine (cholinergic), Both pre and post ganglionic, Some also contain neuropeptides, Nicotinic receptor on postganglionic neurons, Muscarinic receptors on tissues
Where is the sympathetic preganglion body located?
Edinger-Westphal nuc, Superior and inferior salivatory nuclei, dorsal motor nucleus of vagus ambiguous, sacral S2-S4 Imc
Where is the sympathetic postganglion body located?
Ciliary ganglion, Otic ganglion, Pterygopalatine ganglion, Submandibular ganglion, Terminal ganglia in wall of organ
What are the functions of parasympathetics from edinger westphal nucleus?
Constriction of pupil accommodation,
What are the functions of parasympathetics from superior and inferior salivatory nuclei?
Serous secretion from parotid, sublingual, & submandibular, Lacrimal & nasal secretion,
What are the functions of parasympathetics from dorsal motor nucleus of vagus and ambiguous?
amb-Decrease heart rate and contractile force, Constrict coronary, DMV- Bronchoconstriction, Secretion glands resp. tree & GI. Promote peristalsis
What are the functions of parasympathetics system from Sacral Imc?
Promote peristalsis of colon. Contraction of detrusor m., Erection by inhibiting arteriolar smooth muscle with VIP
What is the reflex arc of the visceral motor system? What is the central integration?
visceral sense input to nucleus of the solitary tract to pregang to visceral motor response; nucleus of solitary tract to medial and ventral forebrain to hormonal and behavioral response
What are the areas involved in central control of visceral motor system?
amygdala, medial prefrontal cortex, insular cortex, hypothalamus, AN centers reticular formation
What is the function of the amygdala in ANS system?
Fear – cold sweat, hair standing on end, paleness of skin, dry mouth, palpitation, rapid breathing, Thrill – hair standing on end, Grief/Joy – tears, Embarrassment – blushing, Anger – arching of back, baring teeth, pupillary constriction, increased blood pressure, Pain – cold sweat
What is the visceral motor function of the medial reticular column in the medulla?
inspiration, slow HR
What is the visceral motor function of the lateral reticular column in the medulla?
expiration, increase HR
What is the visceral motor function of the lateral reticular column in the pons?
pneumotaxic center, influences respiratory rhythm
Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus innervates what?
parasympathetic and sympathetic neurons of the intermediolateral spinal cord.
Medial forebrain bundle is the primary route for what?
input to the hypothalamus from the septal nuclei and basal forebrain limbic structures
Where does the medial forebrain bundle run?
between the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and the lateral hypothalamus
Where does the Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus run?
originates region of PVN, descends along most medial aspect of third ventricle through periaqueductal gray and mesencephalic reticular formation
Where does the mammilotrigeminal tract run?
originates in mammillary nucleus, projects to mesencephalic and pontine reticular formations; influence the activity of the brainstem autonomic nuclei
What input from the anterior cingulate and insular cortex is involved in ANS?
paralimbic input to amygdala and hypothalamus; Ac- pain, I- gut
Periaqueductal grey matter is involved in what aspect of ANS?
response to pain and stress
Parabrachial region is involved in ANS how?
relay for visceral sensory. Micturition and respiratory reflexes
The lateral medulla is involved in ANS how?
major cardiorespiratory reflex center
Muscarinic receptor is involved in what process?
cardiac inhibition, smooth muscle contraction, exocrine secretion
Alpha receptors are involved in what processes?
vasoconstriction, smooth muscle contraction
What are the symptoms of a central or preganglionic lesion resulting in horners?
abnormal facial sweating, response to drug-releasing NE, normal reponse to driect alpha agonist,; hypothalamus, dorsolateral medulla, or spinal cord
What are the symptoms of a central or postganglionic lesion resulting in horners?
normal facial sweating, no response to drug-releasing NE, exaggerated reponse to driect alpha agonist (NE); superior cervical ganglion, cavernous sinus
What are the PS controls of the heart through nucleus ambiguous?
Decreased heart rate and AV conduction
Antagonizes sympathetic effect on myocardium, Predominates over sympathetic at sinus node-respiratory sinus arrhythmia; Less vagal during insp.- incr. HR, More vagal during expiration- decr. HR
Sympathetic System (rostral ventrolateral medulla) has what effects?
Increased heart rate and AV conduction, increased myocardium contractility; Vasoconstriction to skin, kidney, and abdominal organs; Vasodilation of cardiac and skeletal muscle blood supply
What are some tests for cardiovascular autonomics and the results?
Presence of respiratory sinus arrhythmia
Mental Arithmetic- increased HR and BP
Cold pressor test- hands in ice water for 60 seconds- increased BP then reflex decreased HR; Valsalva maneuver
What are the changes during forced expiration stage of valsalva?
increase: intrathoracic pressure, and symp. output; decrease: VR, CO, BP, baroreceptor output and vagal output
What are the changes during relaxation of forced expiration of valsalva?
increase: VR, CO, BP, baroreceptor output, vagal output; decrease: intrathoracic pressure, symp. output
What is the sympathetic innervation of the bladder? effect?
S2-S4, pelvic, ACh to muscarinic, contraction of detrusor, bladder emptying
What is the parasympathetic innervation of the bladder? effect?
T11-L2, hypogastric n, NE, B- relaxation of detrusor or A- contraction of bladder neck; retention of urine
What is thesomatic innervation of the bladder? effect?
S2-S4, pudendal, ACh to nicotinic, contraction of external sphincter, retention of urine
What are the symptoms of an uninhibited bladder?
incontinence, perianal sensation, anal and bulbocavernous reflexes, normal bladder vol. and intravessical mmHg
What are the symptoms of an spastic bladder?
incontinence, no or late retention (destrusor-sphincter dyssynergia) perianal sensation may be decreased, anal and bulbocavernous reflexes, bladder vol. decreased and intravessical mmHg increased
What are the symptoms of an flaccid bladder?
incontinence, retention, no perianal sensation, anal or bulbocavernous reflexes, bladder vol. increased and intravessical mmHg decreased
Where is the lesion causing uninhibited bladder? Possible cause?
medial frontal lobes, hydrocephalus, meningioma
Where is the lesion causing spastic bladder? Possible cause?
lower brainstem or spinal cord above conus medullaris, trauma or MS
Where is the lesion causing flaccid bladder? Possible cause?
conus medullaris or cauda equine, neoplasm, extruded disc, DM, motor radiculopathy
