ANS Flashcards
main cardiopulmonary influences of the ANS (5)
HR
BP
RR
depth of breath
diameter of bronchial lumen
neurotransmitters of SNS
epinephrine and norepinephrine
how does SNS impact blood vessels? how about PNS?
vasoconstriction
vasodilation (indirectly)
chain of ganglia running parallel to the spinal cord
sympathetic chain/trunk
neurotransmitter of PNS
acetylcholine
are pre or postganglionic neurons myelinated
preganglionic!
preganglionic neurons in SNS vs PNS
SNS: short
PNS: long
postganglionic neurons in SNS vs PNS
SNS: long
PNS: short
what is considered the control center of the brain
hypothalamus
preganglionic neurons ALWAYS use….
acetylcholine
3 places pressure mechanoreceptors are
aortic baroreceptors
carotid sinuses
lungs
3 places stretch mechanoreceptors are
veins
bladder
intestines
job of chemoreceptors
senses chemical changes in blood
+
are in stomach, taste buds, olfactory bulbs
solitary nucleus CNs
7, 9, 10
most visceral info coming into the brainstem converges in the ____________
solitary nucleus
medulla function vs pons
medulla: HR, RR, depth of breathing, vasoconstriction/dilation
pons: ONLY REGULATING RESPIRATION
where is reticular formation
medulla, pons, and upper midbrain (below thalamus)
job of reticular formation
regulate vital autonomic function: HR, RR, vasoconstriction/dilation
all preganglionic neurons in ANS release _______, which binds to ______ receptors
ACh
nicotinic
postganglionic neurons in PNS release _____, which bind to _____ on target tissues
ACh
muscarinic
most sympathetic postganglionic neurons release ______, which bind to ______
norepinephrine
adrenergic receptors
where is norepinephrine released
adrenal medulla
TRAP stands for….
Tremor
Rigidity
Akinesia (bradykinesia)
Postural instability
what is TRAP used for
to indicate motor symptoms of parkinson’s disease
t/f: many internal organs need CNS input to function
FALSE
they can function independently
what type of fibers are the neurons from CNS to ganglion
preganglionic (AB)
what type of fibers are the neurons from ganglion to effector organ
postganglionic (C)
where in the SC are sympathetic efferents located (and what spinal levels)
lateral horn
T1-L3
where in the SC are PARAsympathetic efferents located (and what spinal levels)
sacral parasympathetic nuclei
S2-4
only NS pathway to use a one-neuron pathway? where does it go?
somatic! (preganglionic fibers)
goes from SC to adrenal medulla
what NS causes sweating and piloerection
SNS
where does vasodilation vs vasoconstriction occur in an SNS response
vasodilation: active muscles (cardiac/skeletal)
vasoconstriction: gut + skin
where do SNS preganglionic fibers synapse
in the sympathetic trunk at the paravertebral ganglia
when postganglionic fibers exit paravertebral ganglia, what do they travel through?
gray communicating rami (unmyelinated)
where do all sympathetic presynaptic neurons originate?
thoracic and lumbar cord
where do the 2 neuron tracts to periphery and thoracic viscera synapse?
paravertebral ganglia/sympathetic trunks
where do the 2 neuron tracts to abdominal and pelvic organs synapse?
prevertebral
where does the neural circuit originate + synapse?
hypothalamus
upper thoracic SC + upper cervical ganglion
t/f: ganglia are NOT interconcected in the PNS like the SNS
TRUE
CNs that have parasympathetic fibers
3
7
9
10
nucleus ambiguus vs solitary nucleus
motor vs sensory
both use CN9 + 10
which CNs innervate salivary glands
CN7+9
which CN innervates lacrimal gland
CN7
which CN innervates heart, smooth muscle of lungs, + digestive system
CN10
unopposed parasympathetic body function
increase convexity of eye lens
unopposed sympathetic body functions
limbs
face
body wall
raising eyelid
synergistic body functions using PNS and SNS
thoracic/abdominal viscera
bladder + bowel
pupil of eye
what is responsible for arousal, attentiveness, and anxiety
locus coeruleus
what area of the brain first recognizes a threat exists? where does it send the information next + why?
amygdala
hypothalamus + anterior medulla to stimulate SNS
horner syndrome legion location
sympathetic pathway to the head
symptoms of horners syndrome
ptosis (droopy eyelid)
endophthalmos (sunken eyes)
miosis (pupil constriction)
impaired sweating
how does autonomic dysreflexia occur
SCI above T5/6
uncontrolled SNS overactivity below T5/6
hyperactive response to noxious stimuli like a full bladder due to descending inhibition of SNS being lost
signs of AD
rapid BP increase
slow HR
pounding headache
sweating/piloerection/flushing above legion
cold/paleness below legion
what to do if someone has AD (3)
induce orthostatic hypotension
remove noxious stimulus
CALL FOR HELP bc EMERGENCY
3 types of syncope
neural reflexive
orthostatic
cardiac
how does neural reflexive syncope occur
distress, SNS overactivity, or vagus nerve activation
vasovagal syncope
medulla inhibits SNS and stimulates CNX to reduce HR
brainstem injury impairments
lack of BP, HR, and RR control
