ANS

Question 1

Somatic NS

Answer 1

voluntary movement

Afferent (sensory)
Efferent (motor)

Question 2

Autonomic NS

Answer 2

automatic; sympathetic vs parasympathetic

Question 3

ANS role

Answer 3

regulation of cardiovascular system
regulation of homeostasis: body temp, HR, BP, intestinal activity, salivation, sweating, pupil diameter

referred to as visceral, vegetative, or involuntary NS

Question 4

Afferent neurons

Answer 4

important in reflexes, necessary to maintain homeostasis (feedback loops)

Question 5

Efferent neurons

Answer 5

innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, exocrine glands, secretory epithelia

Question 6

why do we focus more on efferent neurons for HTN treatment?

Answer 6

neuronal discharge directly alters function of effector organ
more is known about the neurotransmitters of the efferent side
We can manipulate pharmacologically

Question 7

Sympathetic preganglionics

Answer 7

thoracolumbar
Spinal segments T1-L3
intermediolateral cell column (IMLCC)

Question 8

Parasympathetic preganglionics

Answer 8

Craniosacral
Cranial Nerves 3, 8, 9, 10
Sacral segments 2-4 of spinal cord

Question 9

Preganglionic neurons are ___

Postganglionic neurons are ____

Answer 9

myelinated; unmyelinated

Question 10

The synapse between pre and postganglionic neurons both involve

Answer 10

nicotinic receptors and ACh as the neurotransmitter

Question 11

Synapse between the postganglionic neuron and effector organ

Answer 11

parasympathetic: ACh and targets muscarinic receptors
sympathetic: NE and E as they target alpha and beta adrenergic receptors

Question 12

The adrenal medulla is only innervated by the

Answer 12

sympathetic neurons

Question 13

NE is synthesized from

Answer 13

dopamine

Question 14

ACh is synthesized from

Answer 14

choline and acetyl CoA

Question 15

What breaks down ACh?

Answer 15

acetyle cholinesterase

Question 16

Where are alpha1 and alpha2 receptors located?

Answer 16

alpha1: on the effector organ
alpha2: on the presynaptic neuron (responsible for negative feedback)

Question 17

Locations of Muscarinic receptors

Answer 17

M1: neural
M2: cardaic
M3: glandular/smooth muscle

Question 18

Location of B3

Answer 18

fat cells and urinary bladder

Question 19

Adrenergic receptors are activated by

Answer 19

Alpha1, Alpha2, Beta1 activated by NE and E

Beta2 only activated by E

Question 20

Arteries and veins are constricted by __ and dilated by ___

Answer 20

constricted by alpha1; dilated by beta2

Question 21

What part of the autonomic system will we be using to reduce peripheral vascular resistance?

Answer 21

sympathetic bc the vasculature does not receive dual innervation

Question 22

Stroke volume can be changed by

Answer 22

contractility (how strong heart muscle is contracting) and preload (how much blood is in the heart chamber prior to contraction

Question 23

Thiazide diuretics MOA (summary)

Answer 23

short-term: decrease blood volume and decrease cardiac output
long-term: decrease sodium content of smooth muscles, decrease muscle sensitivity to vasopressors, decrease peripheral vascular resistance

Question 24

Side effects of thiazide-type diuretic

Answer 24

hypokalemia
hypomagnesemia
hypercalcemia
hyperuricemia
hyperglycemia
dyslipidemia (imbalance of lipids)

*can increase serum lithium concentrations which increases risk of lithium toxicity

Question 25

Dihydropyridine action versus nondihydropyridine action

Answer 25

dihydropyridines decrease peripheral vascular resistance

nondihydropyridines decrease peripheral vascular resistance and decrease cardiac output