Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ICPP > ANS > Flashcards

ANS Flashcards

1
Q

what does the ANS do?

A

controls involuntary functions

e.g heart rate, blood pressure, GI motility , iris diameter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the two divisions of the ANS and what do they do

A

sympathetic- responds to stressful situation. fight or flight response. increases heart rate, force of contraction and blood pressure.
parasympathetic-regulates basal activities. rest and digest.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

which regions of the spinal column do the two divisions arise from

A

parasympathetic-cranial and sacral region

sympathetic- thoracic and lumbar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

describe the general structure of the ANS

A

pre-ganglionic and post ganglionic parts
ganglion is part at which synapses occur
pre-ganglionic part is myelinated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what neurotransmitters r used in the ANS

A

ACh and noradrenaline
all pre ganglionic neurone are cholinergic (use ACh) and activate nicotinic ACh receptors (ligand-gated ion channels)
parasympathetic post-ganglionic neurons are also cholinergic (release ACh that acts on muscarinic ACh receptors, these are GPCRs )
most sympathetic post-ganglionic neurons are noradrenergic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what does NA interact with

A

adrenoceptors
two classes- alpha and beta
can be further divided into a1,a2,b1,b2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what type of receptors are m1-m5 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors and all adrenoceptors

A

GPCR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

not all sympathetic post-ganglionic neurons are noradrenergic. what re the exceptions?

A

they are instead cholinergic
-those innervating sweat glands, hair follicles
release ACh that acts at muscarinic ACh receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

sympathetic postganglionic neurons in the adrenal glands

A

differentiated to from neurosecretory chromaffin cells
chromatin cells can be considered as postgamglionic sympathetic neurons that do not project to a target tissue, instead release adrenaline into blood stream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what does parasympathetic release of ACh cause in the heart and what receptor type

A

SA node- bradycardia
AV` node- reduced cardiac conduction velocity
M2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what does parasympathetic release of ACh cause in smooth muscle and what receptor type

A 
M3
bronchial contraction 
increased intestinal mobility/secretion 
bladder contraction and relaxation 
penile erection 
ciliary muscle and iris sphincter contraction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what does parasympathetic release of ACh cause in glands and what receptor type

A

M1/M3

increased sweat/ salivary /lacrimal secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what does sympathetic release of NA cause in the heart and what receptor type

A

SA node- tachycardia
ventricles- positive inotropy
B1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what does sympathetic release of NA cause in smooth muscle and what receptor type

A 
arterial contraction(a1) in non flight essential arterioles and relaxation in essential ones (b2)
bronchiolar relaxation -b2
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how is the output from the ANS regulated

A

afferent/sensory inputs
e.g blood o2 detected by carotid body , chemoreceptors etc
sensory neurones monitor co2, o2 and nutrients in blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

most common sites of drug action in neurotransmission

A

degradation of neurotransmitter
interaction with post synaptic receptors
inactivation of transmitter
re-uptake
interaction with pre ganglionic receptors

17
Q

acetylcholine synthesis equation

A

acetyl CoA +choline (from diet)——–> acetylcholine +coenzyme A
enzyme is choline acetyltransferase
ACh is packed into vesicles here

18
Q

ACh degradation equation

A

ACh———->acetate +choline
this is when ACh is released from vesicle
enzyme is cholinesterase

19
Q

why can drugs have actions selectively at autonomic system

give example

A

nicotinic acetylcholine receptors at autonomic ganglia and the neuromuscular junction differ in structure therefore can have actions selectively
e.g ganglion blocking drug trimethaphan (antihypertensative)

20
Q

what is the problem with cholinergic cells and what would a non-selective muscarinic EACh receptor agonist do

A 
lack of sensitivity 
unwanted side effects 
decrease heart rate and cardiac output 
increase bronchoconstriction
increase sweating and salivation
21
Q

what is SLUDGE syndrome

A

pathological effects of massive discharge of parasympathetic NS
Salivation: stimulation of the salivary glands
Lacrimation: stimulation of the lacrimal glands
Urination: relaxation of the internal sphincter muscle of urethra, and contraction of the detrusor muscles
Defecation
Gastrointestinal distress: Smooth muscle tone changes causing gastrointestinal problems, including cramping
Emesis: Vomiting[

22
Q

when is sludge syndrome encountered

A

drug overdose
ingestion of magic mushrooms
exposure to organophosphorus insecticides
exposure to nerve agents
the last two agents covalently modify acetcholinesterase to irreversibly deactivate enzyme and rats ACh levels

23
Q

what are the symptoms of SLUDGE due to

A

prolonged stimulation of muscarinic ACh receptors in rogans and muscles innervated by PNS.

24
Q

how is sludge treated

A

atropine

pralidoxime

25
Q

name two muscarinic ACh receptor agonists

A

pilocarpine-treat glaucoma

bethanechol-stimulate bladder emptying

26
Q

name some muscarinic ACh receptor antagonists

A

ipratropium + tiotropium- for asthma and COPD
tolterodine, darifenacin,oxybutynin-treat overreactive bladder
hyoscine(scopolamine)-IBS

27
Q

post ganglionic sympathetic neurons structure

A

posses a highly branching axonal network with numerous varicosities, each of which is specialised site for Ca2+-dependent vesicular noradrenaline release.

28
Q

noradrenaline synthesis

A

Tyrosine to DOPA to Dopamine to NA

29
Q

what does NA interact with and for what

A

NA interacts with adrenoceptors in post-synaptic membrane to initiate signalling in the effector tissue
NA interacts with pre-synaptic adrenoceptors to regulate processes within nerve terminal.
however NA only has a very limited time to influence pre and post synaptic adrenoceptors as its rapidly removed from synaptic cleft by NET(NA transporter protein)

30
Q

what type of drug is salbutamol and what is it used for

A

in inhalers for asthma to oppose bronchoconstriction

B2-adrenoceptor-selective agonist

31
Q

what can a1 and b1 adrenoceptor- selective antagonists treat

A

cvs disorders like hypertension

ICPP (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions