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Cardiology > ANPH Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

ANPH Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

How much blood does the heart pump in a day?

A

7000-9000L

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2
Q

How big and how much does the heart weigh?

A

Approx. the size of your fist
Weights 250-300g

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3
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

Mediastinum, left of the midline, 0.5in - 1.2cm above diaphragm

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4
Q

Apex

A

Located approx. 5th intercostal space, point of maximal impulse

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5
Q

Maximal impulse

A

Occurs when the hearts apex rotates forward with systole, gently beating against the chest wall and producing pulsation

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6
Q

Pericardium

A

A protective double-walled sac around the heart composed of 2 layers (visceral and partial)

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7
Q

Visceral layer

A

Epicardium; lines the surface of the heart

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8
Q

Partial layer

A

Outer fibrous layer

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9
Q

What are the two layers separated by?

A

Approx. 25-50ml of pericardial fluid. Reduces friction as the heart beats

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10
Q

What does the pericardium do?

A

Protects and anchors the heart, prevents overfilling of the heart with blood, allows the heart to work at a relatively friction free environment

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11
Q

What happens if pericardial fluid is to low?

A

Chest pain due to friction of the 2 layers

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12
Q

What happens if the pericardial fluid is to high?

A

The pumping is restricted and not allowing as much contraction, smaller amount of blood output, heart rate increases

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13
Q

Most common organelle in cardiac muscle?

A

Mitochondria; accounts for 25% of the volume of cardiac cells, high resistance of fatigue

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14
Q

Why is there only one pale nucleus?

A

There is no need for protein synthesis as the cardiac cells do not divide and replicate.

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15
Q

4 heart chambers?

A

Two atria. Two ventricles

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16
Q

Atria

A

Superior chambers receive incoming blood, separated by inter atrial septum

17
Q

Ventricle

A

Inferior chambers, pump blood out of the heart. Larger than the atria, separated by the inter ventricular septum

18
Q

What three veins does the blood enter the atria through?

A

Superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, coronary sinus

19
Q

Superior vena cava

A

Blood returning to the heart superior to the diaphragm

20
Q

Inferior vena cava

A

Blood returning to the heart inferior to the diaphragm

21
Q

Coronary sinus

A

Blood from the myocardium

22
Q

The auricle

A

A small expandable muscular pouch in the upper portion of the atrium. Increases the blood capacity of the atrium

23
Q

What does the 2 Atrioventricular valves do?

A

Lie between the atria and ventricles preventing back flow into atria when ventricles contract.

24
Q

Where is the Tricuspid valve located?

A

Right atrium to right ventricle

25
Q

Where is the bicuspid (mitral) valve located?

A

Left atrium to left ventricle

26
Q

Chordae tendineae

A

White collagen cords that are attached to each AV valve which anchor the cusps to the papillary muscles protruding from the ventricle walls

27
Q

What’s does the two semilunar valves do?

A

Allow ejection of blood from the heart into the arteries but prevents back flow into the ventricles

28
Q

Where is the Pulmonary semilunar valve located?

A

Connects right ventricle to the aorta

29
Q

Where is the aortic semilunar valve located?

A

Connects left ventricle to the aorta

30
Q

What is the pathway of blood through the heart and lungs?

A

Right atrium > tricuspid valve > right ventricle > pulmonary semilunar valve > pulmonary arteries > lungs > pulmonary veins > left atrium > bicuspid valve > left ventricle > aortic semilunar valve > aorta > systemic circulation

31
Q

Coronary circulation

A

Coronary arteries fill while the ventricles are relaxed, the aorta recoils pushing blood systemically backward into coronary arteries

32
Q

Anastomoses

A

Connections between the arterioles

33
Q

Collateral circulation

A

Connections between the arterioles ensure blood delivery to the heart even if major vessels are occluded

34
Q

Where is the Right coronary artery (RCA) located?

A

The sulcus between the right atrium and ventricle

35
Q

Marginal arteries

A

Supplies the surface of the right ventricle

36
Q

Where is the left coronary artery (LCA) located?

A

Subdivides into the left anterior descending (LAD) and circumflex artery (CX)

37
Q

What are the 5 cardiac veins?

A

Great cardiac vein - anterior, middle cardiac vein - posterior, small cardiac vein - right atrium/ventricle, anterior cardiac vein - anterior right ventricle, posterior cardiac vein - circumflex artery

38
Q

What 3 artery’s come out of the aorta?

A

Brachiocephalic, carotid , subclavian

Cardiology (12 decks)

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