ANPH Cardiovascular System

Question 1

How much blood does the heart pump in a day?

Answer 1

7000-9000L

Question 2

How big and how much does the heart weigh?

Answer 2

Approx. the size of your fist
Weights 250-300g

Question 3

Where is the heart located?

Answer 3

Mediastinum, left of the midline, 0.5in - 1.2cm above diaphragm

Question 4

Apex

Answer 4

Located approx. 5th intercostal space, point of maximal impulse

Question 5

Maximal impulse

Answer 5

Occurs when the hearts apex rotates forward with systole, gently beating against the chest wall and producing pulsation

Question 6

Pericardium

Answer 6

A protective double-walled sac around the heart composed of 2 layers (visceral and partial)

Question 7

Visceral layer

Answer 7

Epicardium; lines the surface of the heart

Question 8

Partial layer

Answer 8

Outer fibrous layer

Question 9

What are the two layers separated by?

Answer 9

Approx. 25-50ml of pericardial fluid. Reduces friction as the heart beats

Question 10

What does the pericardium do?

Answer 10

Protects and anchors the heart, prevents overfilling of the heart with blood, allows the heart to work at a relatively friction free environment

Question 11

What happens if pericardial fluid is to low?

Answer 11

Chest pain due to friction of the 2 layers

Question 12

What happens if the pericardial fluid is to high?

Answer 12

The pumping is restricted and not allowing as much contraction, smaller amount of blood output, heart rate increases

Question 13

Most common organelle in cardiac muscle?

Answer 13

Mitochondria; accounts for 25% of the volume of cardiac cells, high resistance of fatigue

Question 14

Why is there only one pale nucleus?

Answer 14

There is no need for protein synthesis as the cardiac cells do not divide and replicate.

Question 15

4 heart chambers?

Answer 15

Two atria. Two ventricles

Question 16

Atria

Answer 16

Superior chambers receive incoming blood, separated by inter atrial septum

Question 17

Ventricle

Answer 17

Inferior chambers, pump blood out of the heart. Larger than the atria, separated by the inter ventricular septum

Question 18

What three veins does the blood enter the atria through?

Answer 18

Superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, coronary sinus

Question 19

Superior vena cava

Answer 19

Blood returning to the heart superior to the diaphragm

Question 20

Inferior vena cava

Answer 20

Blood returning to the heart inferior to the diaphragm

Question 21

Coronary sinus

Answer 21

Blood from the myocardium

Question 22

The auricle

Answer 22

A small expandable muscular pouch in the upper portion of the atrium. Increases the blood capacity of the atrium

Question 23

What does the 2 Atrioventricular valves do?

Answer 23

Lie between the atria and ventricles preventing back flow into atria when ventricles contract.

Question 24

Where is the Tricuspid valve located?

Answer 24

Right atrium to right ventricle

Question 25

Where is the bicuspid (mitral) valve located?

Answer 25

Left atrium to left ventricle

Question 26

Chordae tendineae

Answer 26

White collagen cords that are attached to each AV valve which anchor the cusps to the papillary muscles protruding from the ventricle walls

Question 27

What’s does the two semilunar valves do?

Answer 27

Allow ejection of blood from the heart into the arteries but prevents back flow into the ventricles

Question 28

Where is the Pulmonary semilunar valve located?

Answer 28

Connects right ventricle to the aorta

Question 29

Where is the aortic semilunar valve located?

Answer 29

Connects left ventricle to the aorta

Question 30

What is the pathway of blood through the heart and lungs?

Answer 30

Right atrium > tricuspid valve > right ventricle > pulmonary semilunar valve > pulmonary arteries > lungs > pulmonary veins > left atrium > bicuspid valve > left ventricle > aortic semilunar valve > aorta > systemic circulation

Question 31

Coronary circulation

Answer 31

Coronary arteries fill while the ventricles are relaxed, the aorta recoils pushing blood systemically backward into coronary arteries

Question 32

Anastomoses

Answer 32

Connections between the arterioles

Question 33

Collateral circulation

Answer 33

Connections between the arterioles ensure blood delivery to the heart even if major vessels are occluded

Question 34

Where is the Right coronary artery (RCA) located?

Answer 34

The sulcus between the right atrium and ventricle

Question 35

Marginal arteries

Answer 35

Supplies the surface of the right ventricle

Question 36

Where is the left coronary artery (LCA) located?

Answer 36

Subdivides into the left anterior descending (LAD) and circumflex artery (CX)

Question 37

What are the 5 cardiac veins?

Answer 37

Great cardiac vein - anterior, middle cardiac vein - posterior, small cardiac vein - right atrium/ventricle, anterior cardiac vein - anterior right ventricle, posterior cardiac vein - circumflex artery

Question 38

What 3 artery’s come out of the aorta?

Answer 38

Brachiocephalic, carotid , subclavian