ANP 1107A Reproductive System Lecture Four

Question 1

how long after ovulation is an egg capable of being fertilized

Answer 1

-12-24 hours

Question 2

how long is sperm viable in the reproductive system

Answer 2

-one week
-fertilization is 24-48 hours

Question 3

what is capacitation

Answer 3

-change in sperm that typically occurs inside the womans body

-require before fertilization can occur

Question 4

what happens to sperm after capcitation?

Answer 4

-increased rate of flagerllar
-accelerated motility pattern

Question 5

what does seminal fluid contain?

Answer 5

capacitation inhibiting factors

Question 6

skip

Answer 6

skip

Question 7

Why is it important that this happens only after sperm have bound to the
zona pellucida?

Answer 7

if enzymes are released before sperm binds = no chance of fertilization

Question 8

what is polyspermy?

Answer 8

-egg that has been fertilized by more than one sperm
-not viable because there are more than two copies of each chromosome

Question 9

what happens to the oocyte after one sperm goes through?

Answer 9

-hardening of zona pellucida
-clipping off sperm receptors to avoid polyspermy

Question 10

fast block to polyspermy

Answer 10

oocyte membrane block

Question 11

slow block to polyspermy

Answer 11

crotical reaction

Question 12

when does meoisis resume?

Answer 12

after the sperm penetrates the secondary oocyte

Question 13

what is pronucleus?

Answer 13

nucleus of sperm/egg post-fertilization but prior to fusion

Question 14

when does the zygote form?

Answer 14

when chromosomes from male and female intermix

Question 15

what is a zygote?

Answer 15

a diploid cell from the fusion of two haploid gametes

Question 16

what is a blastocyst?

Answer 16

a hollow ball of cells with a cluster of cells inside known as the inner cell mass

Question 17

what structure hatches from the zona pelluicda?

Answer 17

blastocyst

Question 18

when does implantation occur?

Answer 18

6 days after fertilization

Question 19

what is the trophoblast?

Answer 19

cells forming from the outer layer of the blastocyst

Question 20

what does the trophoblast become?

Answer 20

placenta

Question 21

what does the inner cell mass become?

Answer 21

embyro

Question 22

when is implantation complete?

Answer 22

day 10

Question 23

at 4.5 weeks, what can be seen from the embryo?

Answer 23

-limb buds
-eyes and mouth
-cardiovascular system

Question 24

what is the yolk sac?

Answer 24

-source of red blood cells for fetus

Question 25

when is the germinal period?

Answer 25

conception to 2 weeks

Question 26

when is the embyronic period?

Answer 26

3-8 weeks

Question 27

when is the fetal period?

Answer 27

9 weeks to term

Question 28

what period is most impacted by teratogens?

Answer 28

embyronic period

Question 29

structures of the endoderm?

Answer 29

-epithelial linings of digestive -respiraotry tracts

Question 30

structures of the mesoderm?

Answer 30

-kidneys -heart -blood vessels -CT of limbs

Question 31

what structures arise from the ectoderm?

Answer 31

-epidermis -brain -spinal cord -hair -nails

Question 32

what is placentation?

Answer 32

formation of placenta

Question 33

maternal and fetal blood supplies not

Answer 33

in direct contact - nutrients, gasses, wastes diffuse through trophoblast layer mesenchyme fetal capillary endothelium

Question 34

normal term placenta is?

Answer 34

~500g measures 15-20 cm, 2-3 cm thick

Question 35

how many arteries and veins does the umbilical cord have?

Answer 35

2 arteries 1 vein

Question 36

what is the foramen ovale?

Answer 36

opening between right and left atria

Question 37

what is the ductus venosus?

Answer 37

shunt from umbilical cord bypasses liver and takes blood straight to the brain and heart

Question 38

umbilical arteries are

Answer 38

dexygeneted

Question 39

umbilical veins are

Answer 39

oxygenated

Question 40

what hormone is made exclusively in the placenta

Answer 40

human choronic gondatropin

Question 41

when is hCG present in maternal fluid?

Answer 41

3-8 days after fertilization

Question 42

function of hCG?

Answer 42

-stimulates production of estrogen and progesterone by CL -maintain pregnancy until placenta takes over at 12 weeks

Question 43

without hCG, what would degenerate?

Answer 43

corpus luteum

Question 44

pregnancy tests used today test the presence of what?

Answer 44

human choronic gonadotropin hCG

Question 45

human placental lactogen (hPL) is similar to what?

Answer 45

human choronic somatommotropin (hCS)

Question 46

when does the placenta start ot secrete hCS?

Answer 46

first trimester levels increase until delivery

Question 47

what does hCS do?

Answer 47

-breast developing in preparation for postnatal lacation -supports fetal bone growth -makes glucose avilable to fetus by reduce insulin sensitity

Question 48

what is gestational diabetes?

Answer 48

abnromal blpud glucose maintance during pregnancy - leads to temporary diabetes

Question 49

what does the placenta convert circulating androgens to?

Answer 49

estrogen

Question 50

what does estrogen do

Answer 50

- maintains uterine enometrium - breast development

Question 51

when is blood pressure lowest for a pregnant mother?

Answer 51

24 weeks

Question 52

what is myocardial hypertrophy?

Answer 52

increase in workload = thickening in muscle