Anotomical Terminology Flashcards
Systemic anatomy
where the various structures may be considered as individual entities
Topographical or regional anatomy,
where the organs and tissues studied
in relationship to each other in the different regions of the body
Osteology
Study of bones
Anthology
Study of joints
Myology
Study of muscle
Anterior/ventral
In front or nearer the front surface of the body
Posterior / dorsal
Behind or nearer the back surface of the body
Superior/ CEPHALAD
Above or nearer the head
Inferior/ CAUDAD
Below or nearer the feet
Medial
Nearer the midline
Lateral
Further from the midline
Proximal
Nearer trunk
Distal
Further from trunk
Axis
The line about which movement takes place is the axis of movement.
Plane
The plane in which the movement takes place lies at right angles to the axis.
FLEXION
to bend or make an angle at a joint
EXTENSION
to stretch out or straighten a joint
ABDUCTION
to move a limb away from the midline of the body
ADDUCTION
to move a limb towards the midline of the body
CIRCUMDUCTION
is a combination, in sequence, of the movements of flexion, abduction, extension and adduction.
MEDIAL (INTERNAL) ROTATION
to turn/ rotate a limb towards the midline
LATERAL (EXTERNAL) ROTATION
to turn/ rotate a limb away from the midline
Joint
The place where two or more bones meet or articulate
How to remember labelling joint
- Type of joint
- Bones in articulation and features
- Arrangement of capsule and synovial membrane
- Ligaments
- Movements and limiting factors
- Nerve supply
3 types of joint
- Fibrous
- Cartilaginous
- Synovial
3 types of Fibrous joints
- Sutures
- Gomphosis
- Syndesmoses
Bony surfaces united by fibrous connective tissue very stable joints
Sutures
Only in skull where margins articulate with each other
Edges sedated
Separated by ligaments
Periosteum (dense layer of vascular connective tissue) continuous across internal external surface of joint
No appreciable movement
Gomphosis
Special fibrous articulations restricted to the fixation of teeth in mandible and maxillae
Syndesmoses
Rare = inferior tibiofibular joint
Two types of Cartilaginous joint
- Synchondroses
2. Symphyses
Synchondroses
Primary
Bony surfaces united by hyaline cartilage
Temporary joints allow growth
All joints between epiphysis and diaphysis of long bones
🦴 < epiphysis is rounded end and diaphysis is shaft
Obliterated by ossification of epiphysis plate when growth is completed
(Bone remodelling)
Synovial joint
Freely moveable joints to varying degrees
Bones surfaces are in contact but not continuously , covered by articulations hyaline cartilage
Joint cavity
Space between the bones
Contains viscous fluid called SYNOVIAL FLUID (clear / pale yellow)
Function of joint cavity
- nutritional source of articular cartilage
2. Lubricant for joint efficiency
Injury joint capsule
Excess synovial fluid causes swelling
Restoration = reabsorption of fluid sped up by application of ice
Structure of Fibrous capsule
Line bones at synovial joints linked by joint capsule
Parallel+interlacing bundles of connective tissue forming a cuff around the joint
Surrounds joint restricts movement attached loosely round articulations cartilage
Perforated by blood vessels nerves
1+ apertures (gap) lining membrane produce sac
Synovial membrane
Lines joint capsule and non articular parts of bones
Lines structures = bursa and tendon sheaths reduces friction of opposing surfaces
Two layers cellular intima supported by fibrovascular subintimal lamina
Rich in blood supply (see HIP)
What is extent and direction of Movement determined by
- closeness/shape of opposing joint surfaces
- nature/density of intervening tissue
- form/attachments of ligaments surrounding joints
4 types of movement
Translatory- simple gliding movement of one surface over another
Angular- movements that involve an increased or decrease in angle between adjacent bones (flex ex abd add)
Circumduction- compound movements combination of angular movements
Rotation- adjunct rotation- independent of
movement (rotating joint)
conjunct rotation- accompaniment of main
movement (rotation occurs when eg flex)
Accessory ligaments
Essential to normal joint resist strain
NRM
Tension ligaments
Tension muscles
Classification of joints
Type
- FIBROUS
- CARTILIGINOUS
- SYNOVIAL
Complexity
- SIMPLE- processing x2 articulating surfaces (hip)
- COMPOUND-processing more than 1 pair of articulating surfaces
- COMPLEX- processing an intracapsular disc (knee meniscus)
Freedom of movement
- UNI-AXIALx x1 degree of freedom movement x1 plane elbow
- BI-AXIAL-x2 degrees of freedom x2 planes wrist
- MULTIX-AXIAL- x3 degrees of freedom x3 planes eg shoulder
Shape of articulating surface
Sources of nutrition of articular cartilage
Synovial fluid
Bone marrow
Synovial membrane
Classifying joints
TYPE -hinge, gliding, ball and socket
COMPLEXITY-
- simple: x2 or more articulating surface
- compound- more than 1 pair of articulating surfaces
- complex- process intracaspular disc
DEGREE OF FREEDOM-
- uni-axial- x1 plane of motion
- bi-axial- x2 planes of motion
- multi-axial- x3 planes of motion
SHAPE- if articulating surfaces
Cartiligions joints - symphyeses
Secondary
bony surfaces united by a cartilaginous disc or plate
Dont ossify as we age
occur where the body needs both stability and movement
Close pack position
where the surfaces fit together precisely and where there is maximum contact between the surfaces.
Open pack position
structures of the joint are most lax and the surfaces least in contact
