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ANATOMY > Anotomical Terminology > Flashcards

Anotomical Terminology Flashcards

1
Q

Systemic anatomy

A

where the various structures may be considered as individual entities

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2
Q

Topographical or regional anatomy,

A

where the organs and tissues studied

in relationship to each other in the different regions of the body

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3
Q

Osteology

A

Study of bones

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4
Q

Anthology

A

Study of joints

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5
Q

Myology

A

Study of muscle

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6
Q

Anterior/ventral

A

In front or nearer the front surface of the body

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7
Q

Posterior / dorsal

A

Behind or nearer the back surface of the body

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8
Q

Superior/ CEPHALAD

A

Above or nearer the head

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9
Q

Inferior/ CAUDAD

A

Below or nearer the feet

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10
Q

Medial

A

Nearer the midline

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11
Q

Lateral

A

Further from the midline

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12
Q

Proximal

A

Nearer trunk

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13
Q

Distal

A

Further from trunk

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14
Q

Axis

A

The line about which movement takes place is the axis of movement.

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15
Q

Plane

A

The plane in which the movement takes place lies at right angles to the axis.

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16
Q

FLEXION

A

to bend or make an angle at a joint

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17
Q

EXTENSION

A

to stretch out or straighten a joint

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18
Q

ABDUCTION

A

to move a limb away from the midline of the body

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19
Q

ADDUCTION

A

to move a limb towards the midline of the body

20
Q

CIRCUMDUCTION

A

is a combination, in sequence, of the movements of flexion, abduction, extension and adduction.

21
Q

MEDIAL (INTERNAL) ROTATION

A

to turn/ rotate a limb towards the midline

22
Q

LATERAL (EXTERNAL) ROTATION

A

to turn/ rotate a limb away from the midline

23
Q

Joint

A

The place where two or more bones meet or articulate

24
Q

How to remember labelling joint

A
  1. Type of joint
  2. Bones in articulation and features
  3. Arrangement of capsule and synovial membrane
  4. Ligaments
  5. Movements and limiting factors
  6. Nerve supply
25
Q

3 types of joint

A
  1. Fibrous
  2. Cartilaginous
  3. Synovial
26
Q

3 types of Fibrous joints

A
  1. Sutures
  2. Gomphosis
  3. Syndesmoses

Bony surfaces united by fibrous connective tissue very stable joints

27
Q

Sutures

A

Only in skull where margins articulate with each other

Edges sedated

Separated by ligaments

Periosteum (dense layer of vascular connective tissue) continuous across internal external surface of joint

No appreciable movement

28
Q

Gomphosis

A

Special fibrous articulations restricted to the fixation of teeth in mandible and maxillae

29
Q

Syndesmoses

A

Rare = inferior tibiofibular joint

30
Q

Two types of Cartilaginous joint

A
  1. Synchondroses

2. Symphyses

31
Q

Synchondroses

A

Primary

Bony surfaces united by hyaline cartilage

Temporary joints allow growth

All joints between epiphysis and diaphysis of long bones

🦴 < epiphysis is rounded end and diaphysis is shaft

Obliterated by ossification of epiphysis plate when growth is completed
(Bone remodelling)

32
Q

Synovial joint

A

Freely moveable joints to varying degrees

Bones surfaces are in contact but not continuously , covered by articulations hyaline cartilage

33
Q

Joint cavity

A

Space between the bones

Contains viscous fluid called SYNOVIAL FLUID (clear / pale yellow)

34
Q

Function of joint cavity

A
  1. nutritional source of articular cartilage

2. Lubricant for joint efficiency

35
Q

Injury joint capsule

A

Excess synovial fluid causes swelling

Restoration = reabsorption of fluid sped up by application of ice

36
Q

Structure of Fibrous capsule

A

Line bones at synovial joints linked by joint capsule

Parallel+interlacing bundles of connective tissue forming a cuff around the joint

Surrounds joint restricts movement attached loosely round articulations cartilage

Perforated by blood vessels nerves
1+ apertures (gap) lining membrane produce sac

37
Q

Synovial membrane

A

Lines joint capsule and non articular parts of bones

Lines structures = bursa and tendon sheaths reduces friction of opposing surfaces

Two layers cellular intima supported by fibrovascular subintimal lamina

Rich in blood supply (see HIP)

38
Q

What is extent and direction of Movement determined by

A
  1. closeness/shape of opposing joint surfaces
  2. nature/density of intervening tissue
  3. form/attachments of ligaments surrounding joints
39
Q

4 types of movement

A

Translatory- simple gliding movement of one surface over another

Angular- movements that involve an increased or decrease in angle between adjacent bones (flex ex abd add)

Circumduction- compound movements combination of angular movements

Rotation- adjunct rotation- independent of
movement (rotating joint)

                conjunct rotation- accompaniment of main 
                 movement (rotation occurs when eg flex)
40
Q

Accessory ligaments

A

Essential to normal joint resist strain

41
Q

NRM

A

Tension ligaments

Tension muscles

42
Q

Classification of joints

A

Type

  1. FIBROUS
  2. CARTILIGINOUS
  3. SYNOVIAL

Complexity

  1. SIMPLE- processing x2 articulating surfaces (hip)
  2. COMPOUND-processing more than 1 pair of articulating surfaces
  3. COMPLEX- processing an intracapsular disc (knee meniscus)

Freedom of movement

  1. UNI-AXIALx x1 degree of freedom movement x1 plane elbow
  2. BI-AXIAL-x2 degrees of freedom x2 planes wrist
  3. MULTIX-AXIAL- x3 degrees of freedom x3 planes eg shoulder

Shape of articulating surface

43
Q

Sources of nutrition of articular cartilage

A

Synovial fluid
Bone marrow
Synovial membrane

44
Q

Classifying joints

A

TYPE -hinge, gliding, ball and socket

COMPLEXITY-

  1. simple: x2 or more articulating surface
  2. compound- more than 1 pair of articulating surfaces
  3. complex- process intracaspular disc

DEGREE OF FREEDOM-

  1. uni-axial- x1 plane of motion
  2. bi-axial- x2 planes of motion
  3. multi-axial- x3 planes of motion

SHAPE- if articulating surfaces

45
Q

Cartiligions joints - symphyeses

A

Secondary

bony surfaces united by a cartilaginous disc or plate

Dont ossify as we age

occur where the body needs both stability and movement

46
Q

Close pack position

A

where the surfaces fit together precisely and where there is maximum contact between the surfaces.

47
Q

Open pack position

A

structures of the joint are most lax and the surfaces least in contact

ANATOMY (11 decks)

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