Anomalies Flashcards

1
Q

Which teeth are least likely to be missing?

A

first permanent molars
upper central incisors

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2
Q

Which teeth are more likely to be missing?

A

mandibular premolars
maxillary lateral incisors

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3
Q

List down conditions that are associated with hypodontia.

A

ectodermal dysplasia
down syndrome
cleft palate
hurler’s syndrome
inncontinentia pigmentii

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4
Q

What is hypodontia?

A

missing teeth

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5
Q

What is a complication that can occur with an upper lateral incisor is missing?

A

over-eruption of lower canines can be a restorative problem

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6
Q

What are the complications that can arise due to hypodontia?

(5)

A

abnormal shape/form
spacing
submergence
deep overbite
reduced LFH

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7
Q

What are the treatment options for hypodontia?

A

overdenture
partial denture
composite
porcelain veneers
fixed prostheses (i.e. implants)

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8
Q

What is the incidence of hyperdontia/supernumerary between males and females?

A

male 2:1 female

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9
Q

In which arch is supernumerary more common?

hyperdontia

A

maxilla

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10
Q

Name a condition that has a high frequency of hyperdontia
supernumerary

A

cleidocranial dysplasia

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11
Q

Name the 4 different types of supernumerary.

A
  1. Conical (cone shaped)
  2. Tuberculate (barrel shaped, has tubercles)
  3. Supplemental (looks like tooth of normal series)
  4. Odontome (irregular mass of dental hard tissue, compound or complex)
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12
Q

What is the most common cause of delayed eruption of permanent incisor teeth?

A

presence of supernumerary teeth

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13
Q

What is gemination?

A

one tooth splits into 2

double teeth

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14
Q

What is fusion?

double teeth

A

2 teeth join to form 1

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15
Q

What is the incidence (%) of short root?

A

2.5% in permanent maxillary incisors

15% of these children also have short roots on the canines and premolars

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16
Q

What are the main types of amelogenesis imperfecta?

(4)

A
  • hypoplastic
  • hypocalcified
  • hypomaturational
  • mixed with taurodontism
17
Q

What are the environmental causes that can bring about environmental enamel hypoplasia?

(6)

A
  • systemic
  • nutritional
  • metabolic e.g. Rhesus incompatability, liver disease
  • infection e.g. measles
  • trauma
  • infection of primary tooth
18
Q

What is the incidence of amelogenesis imperfecta?

A

1:14,000

19
Q

What is the aetiology of amelogenesis imperfecta?

A

It is a hereditary condition that can be autosomal dominant, recessive and x-linked.

20
Q

How can amelogenesis imperfecta be diagnosed?

A
  • family history
  • generally affects both dentitions
  • affects all teeth
  • tooth size, structure, colour
  • radiographs
21
Q

What is amelogenesis imperfecta of the hypoplastic type?

A

enamel crystals do not grow to the correct length

22
Q

What is amelogenesis imperfecta of the hypomineralised type?

A

crystallites fail to grow in thickness and width

23
Q

What is amelogenesis imperfecta of the hypomaturational type?

A

enamel crystals grow incompletely in thickness or width but to normal length with incomplete mineralisation

24
Q

What are the genes involved/mutated in amelogenesis imperfecta?

genes required for enamel formation

A
  • amelogenin
  • enamelin
  • kallikrein 4

enamel extracellular matrix molecules

25
Q

What are the complications of amelogenesis imperfecta?

A
  • sensitivity
  • caries susceptibility
  • poor aesthetics
  • poor oral hygiene
  • delayed eruption
  • anterior open bite
26
Q

What is the management for amelogenesis imperfecta?

A
  • preventive therapy
  • composite veneers/composite wash
  • fissure sealants
  • metal onlays
  • stainless steel crowns
  • orthodontics
27
Q

List systemic disorders that are associated with enamel defects.

A
  • epidermolysis bullosa
  • incontinenta pigmenti
  • downs syndrome
  • prader-willi
  • porphyria
  • tuberous sclerosis
  • pseudohypoparathyroidism
  • hurler’s
28
Q

What is dentine dysplasia?

A
  • normal crown morphology
  • amber radiolucency
  • pulpal obliteration
  • short constricted roots
29
Q

What is odontodysplasia?

A
  • localised arrest in tooth development
  • thin layers of enamel and dentine
  • large pulp chambers
  • “ghost teeth”
30
Q

What are the 3 types of dentinogenesis imperfecta?

A

Type 1: osteogenesis imperfecta
Type 2: autosomal dominant
Type 3: Brandywine

31
Q

How can dentinogenesis imperfecta be diagnosed?

A
  • appearance
  • family history
  • associated osteogenesis imperfecta
  • both dentitions affected
  • radiograph shows bulbous crowns, obliterated pulps (I & II)
  • enamel loss
32
Q

What is an ocular feature of type I dentinogenesis imperfecta with osteogenesis imperfecta?

A

blue sclera

33
Q

What are the complications of dentinogenesis imperfecta?

A
  • aesthetics
  • caries susceptibility
  • spontaneous abscess
34
Q

What is the management of dentinogenesis imperfecta?

A
  • prevention
  • composite veneers
  • overdentures
  • removable prostheses
  • stainless steel crowns
35
Q

List systemic disorders that are associated with dentine defects.

A
  • osteogenesis imperfecta
  • ehlers-danlos syndrome
  • brachio-skeletal genital syndrome
  • rickets
  • hypophosphatasia
36
Q

What are the causes of premature exfoliation of teeth?

(6)

A
  • trauma
  • following pulpotomy
  • hypophosphatasia
  • immunological deficiency e.g. cyclic neutropaenia
  • chediak-higashi syndrome
  • histiocytosis X
37
Q

What are the causes of delayed exfolation of teeth?

(5)

A
  • infra-occlusion
  • ‘double’ primary teeth
  • hypodontia
  • ectopic permanent successors
  • following trauma
38
Q

Which tooth is most commonly infra-occluded?

A

lower first primary molar

due to a congenital abscence of premolar tooth

most would then exfoliate normally by age 11-12 years