Anna + Desminis Teams Flash Cards
What nerves control swallowing ?
5, 9, and 10
What is the clinical term for difficulty in swallowing ?
Dysphagia
What could you insert if a patient couldnt swallow to ensure they have adequate nutrition ?
NG tube
What is the spincter called at the top of the stomach ?
Lower Oesophageal sphincter
What is the sphincter at the bottom of the stomach ?
Pyloric sphincter
What are the functions of the liver ?
Filtration.
Digestion.
Metabolism and Detoxification.
Protein synthesis.
Storage of vitamins and minerals.
Conditions that affect swallowing ( brain damage)
- Stroke
- Encephalitis
Factors that could lead to GORD ?
- intra abdominal pressure ( pregnancy)
- Hiatal hernia
- Increased acid production
- Poor lower oesphageal sphinctre
- Delayed gastric emptying
What cell is responsible for the production of pepsinogen in the stomach?
chief cells
What cell is responsible for producing gastric acid (HCL)?
Parietal cells
What cell is responsible for producing mucous within the stomach?
Goblet cells
Symptoms of GORD ?
Heartburn
Belching and regurgitation
Hypersalivation
Symptoms worse when lying down
What lifestyle advide would you give to someone with Gord ?
Avoidance of spicy and fatty foods, carbonated drinks etc
Avoidance of alcohol and smoking
Termination of use of NSAIDs if used
Raise head of bed
Avoid eating within 2-3 hours of bedtime
What medication can be given to someone with GORD?
PPI
What pre-cancerous condition can GORD lead to?
Barratt’s Oesophagus
What is the oesophagus lined with ?
normal squamous epithelium
In barrets oesophagus, the lining of the oesophagus goes from normal squamous cell epithelium to what?
Metastic columnar epithelium
What cancer is Barret’s oesophagus likely to develop?
oesophageal adenocarcinoma
What are the two types of peptic ulcers
1- Gastric ulcer
2- duodenal ulcer
Which peptic ulcer may be malignant ?
Gastric ulcer
Where is a duodenal ulcer located ?
First part of duodenum.
What are the three protective components of the gastric mucosal barrier ?
- Mucus, produced by goblet cells and fovlear cells, which form a a protective coating over the entire surface of the gastric mucosa, it protects the gastric mucosa from auto digestion. It contains mucin, phospholipids, electrolytes, bicarbonate and water.
- A compact epithelial cell lining. Apical surface affords protection together with tight-junctions that repel harsh fluids that may damage the stomach.
- Secretion of bicarbonate ions which creates a buffer zone
Where is a gastric ulcer most likley to be ?
Most commonly found on the lesser curvature or pyloric antrum
What is the most common cause of a peptic ulcer ?
H.pylori
but can also be NSAIDS.
What does H.pylori produce which can nuterolise gastric acis ?
Bacteria produce urease, which neutralises gastric acid, protecting the bacteria and producing toxic ammonia as a by-product
++ UREASE can be easily detected using a breath test++
What test is used to detect H.pylori ?
Breath test
What hormones does the pancreas release ?
insulin and glucagon
What cell is insulin released from within the pancreas ?
Pancreatic Beta cell
What cell is glucagon released from in the pancreas?
Pancreatic Alpha cells
What does insulin do to blood glucose levels ?
Decrease blood sugar levels
What does glucagon do to blood gluocose levels?
Increase blood sugar levels
What hormones are released from the pancreas to ensure that blood glucose levels remain between 4 and 7
Insulin and glucagon
What are the two types of IBD ?
- Ulcerative collitis
- Chrons disease
Where does chrons disease occur ?
- Occur in any part of the intestine, and may occur in different areas simultaneously
- Affect all layers of the intestine
Where does ulcerative colitis occur ?
- Found in the colon only
- Limited to inflammation of the mucosa and submucosa
What might be seen in ulcerative colitis on a histology picture ?
Crypt abscesses.
What might be seen on a chrons histology picture ?
Cobblestone pattern
What is the treatment for ulcerative colitis ?
- Amino salicylates
What types of obstructions can occur in the small intestine ?
- Herniation
- Adhesions
- Volvulus
- Intrasuseption
- Ileus
- Physical blockage
In advanced liver disease what might be raised ?
Ammonia
