Anatomy Flashcards
Where does the abdomen sit ?
The abdomen sits below the thorax and above the pelvis.
What are the layers of the anterior abdominal wall ?
1- Skin.
2- Subcutaneous tissues (further divided into the more superficial Camper’s fascia and the deeper Scarpa’s fascia)
3- External oblique muscle.
4- Internal oblique muscle.
5- Transversus abdominis muscle.
6- Transversalis fascia.
7- Parietal peritoneum.
What are the Flat muscles of the anterior lateral abdominal wall?
1- External oblique
2- Internal oblique
3- Transverses abdominis
What does the aponeurosis of all the flat muscles in the midline form ?
The linea alba
What is formed by the aponeurosis of the three flat muscles and encloses the vertical muscles.
The rectus sheath
What are the two vertical muscles situated near the midline of the body?
1- Rectus abdominis
2- Pyramidalis
What are the rectus abdominis muscles seperated by ?
The linea alba
Where is the pyramidalis muscle located ?
This is a small triangular muscle found superiorly to the rectus abdominis. Located inferiorly to the pubis bone. Its role is to tense the Linea alba.
What vertebral level is the transpyloric plane ?
L1
Whats sits at the transpyloric plane ?
1- Pylorus of stomach
2- Duodenal Flexure
3- The root of the transverse mesocolon
4- Hepatic flexure of the colon
5- Splenic flexure of the colon
6- Fundus of the gallbladder
7- Neck of the pancreas
8- Hila of the kidneys
9- Helium of the spleen
10- 9th costal cartilage
11- Splenic vein joints superior mesenteric to form portal vein.
12- Cisterna chyli
The peritoneum is split into 3, what are they ?
1- Parietal peritoneum
2- Visceral peritoneum
3- Peritoneal cavity
What does the parietal peritoneum line ?
Lines internal surface of abdomen wall
What does the viserval peritoneum line ?
The vicera ( the organs)
This is continous with the parietal peritoneum.
Where is the peritoneal cavity located and what does it contain ?
- The space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum
- There are no organs in this space
- A thin fluid comprises water, electrolytes, WBC and antibodies.
It can be divided into the greater sac and the lesser sac.
What are the intraperitoneal organs ?
- These are organs entirely covered by the visceral peritoneum.
- Liver
- Spleen
- Stomach
What are the retroperitoneal organs ?
PNEUMONIC – SAD PUCKER
S= Suprarenal (adrenal glands)
A= Aorta/IVC
D= Duodenum
P= Pancreas
U= Ureters
C Colon (Ascending and descending)
K = Kidneys
E= (o) Esophagus
R= Rectum.
This can be further divided into
What are PRIMARY retroperitoneal organs ?
This means organs developed and remained outside the parietal peritoneum.
- Oesophagus
- Rectum
- Kidneys
What are the SECONDRY retroperitoneal organs ?
Organs were initially intraperitoneal and then became retroperitoneal through embryogenesis.
- Ascending and Descending colon.
What are the infraperitoneal organs ?
- Bladder, uterus and rectum.
What is a serous membrane.
A serous membrane lines the wall and organs of a body cavity and makes serous fluid. In this case, it makes peritoneal fluid.
The peritoneum is the serious membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and is made of mesothelium tissue.
Where is the lesser sac located ?
Small division posterior to the liver and stomach.
Where is the greater sac located?
Largest area in the peritoneal cavity.
What are omentum ?
The Omentum is a large flat adipose tissue layer nestling on the surface of the intraperitoneal organs. Besides fat storage, the omentum has key biological functions in immune regulation and tissue regeneration.
Where is the greater omentum ?
It descends from the greater curvature of the stomach and proximal part of the duodenum, then folds back up and attaches to the anterior surface of the transverse colon.
Where is the lesser omentum ?
It has two ligaments, what are they ?
- Two layers attach from the lesser curvature of the stomach and the first part of the duodenum to the liver.
- hepatogastric ligament – between stomach and liver
- hepatoduodenal ligament – between duodenum and liver (creates the portal triad
What are mesenteries ?
The mesentery is a double fold of peritoneal tissue that suspends the small and large intestine from the posterior abdominal wall and holds it in place.
What are the three mesenteries and what do they do ?
Mesentery- Connects the jejunum and ileum to the posterior abdominal wall.
Transverse mesocolon- Connects transverse colon to the posterior abdominal wall.
Sigmoid mesocolon- Connects the sigmoid colon to the posterior abdominal wall.
What marks the beginning of the inguinal canal ?
The deep ( internal) inguinal ring
What marks the end of the inguinal canal
The superficial ( external) inguinal canal.
What is process vaginalis
An outpouching of the peritoneum occurs.
- This his how tested and scrotum purtrude.
- This protrudes through several layers of the anterior abdominal wall.
- As it moves through the layers, it takes them with it.
- Transversalis fascia
- Internal oblique muscle
- External oblique aponeurosis
What can inguinal hernias be classified into ?
- Direct inguinal hernia
- Indirect inguinal hernia
Where does a direct inguinal hernia occur ?
- Protrudes through the posterior wall of the inguinal canal above the inguinal ligament.
- Occurs usually in an area known as the inguinal triangle (also known as Hesselbach’s triangle)
Where do indirect hernias occur?
- Protrudes through the deep inguinal ring and travels down the inguinal canal.
- This happens because some of the proximal processes vaginalis remain.
- Depending on how much remains, the protrusion could pass through the superficial inguinal ring and enter the scrotum or labia majora.
Where is the frenulum ?
Stringy bit of skin. Some people are “tongue-tied.”
What are the 4 types of teeth and where are they ?
Molars (At the back)
Premolars
Canines
Incisors ( at the front)
What are the three salivary glands and where are they ?
1- Parotoid gland.
2- Submandibular
3- Sublingual (lingual means tongue)
What is the pharynx made up of?
1- Nasopharynx – Choanae to soft palate
2- Oropharynx – soft palate to tip of epiglottis
3- Laryngopharynx – epiglottis to cricoid cartilage
What are the layers of the GI system ?
1- Lumen
2- Mucosa ( Stratifies squamous epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosa )
3- Submucosa
4- Muscularis (circular muscle layer, longitudinal muscle layer).
What are the parts of the stomach ?
What is the greater curvature of the stomach connected to ?
Greater omentum
What is the lesser curvature of the stomach connected to ?
Lesser omentum
What is the function of the rugae in the stomach ?
Allows to break up and crush digestive matter
What is the 1st part of the small intestine ?
Dudenum
Then jejunum
Then illium
What is an important structure in the duodenum ?
The major duodenal papilla marks the descending (L1-L3) duodenum, the opening at which bile and pancreatic secretions enter from the hepatopancreatic ampulla.
Has a duodenojejunal flexure where the jejunum begins.
When bile is released from the gall bladder where does it go ?
When bile is to be released, it comes out of the gall bladder, into the cystic duct, into the common bile duct and the sphincter of Oddi (Hepatopancreatic ampulla). The central pancreatic duct also goes here.
What cells are in the pancreatic islet and what do they do ?
Beta cells – produce insulin.
Alpha cells – secrete glucagon.
What are the parts of the large intestine ?
- Ilium enters the cecum of the large intestine.
- Ascending
- Transverse
- Descending colon
- Sigmoid colon
- Rectum
What is the band that runs all the way through the large intestine?
Taeniae coli
What are the outpuches of the large intestine called ?
Hausta
What are the peritoneum pouches filled with fat called on the large intestine ?
Omental appencies
