ankle joint and foot joint

Question 1

Describe the type and formation of ankle joint

Answer 1

Type ⇒ Hinge synovial joint

Movements ⇒ Two movements along with the transverse axis

Tibiotalar joint has articulation with the lower end of the tibia, including medial malleolus, and lateral malleolus of fibula. These articulate with the superior, medial, and lateral surface of talus.

Question 2

Why is the ankle joint a stable joint?

Answer 2

1. The ankle mortise is the hinge shape that connects the ends of the tibia and fibula to the talus.
2. There are powerful ligaments and tendons around it.
3. Greater depth of the socket formed by the medial and lateral malleoli within which the trochlea of the talus.

Question 3

Classify the ligaments of the ankle joint. Provide the clinical aspects.

Answer 3

Lateral Ligaments:
1. Calcaneofibular l.
2. Posterior talofiublar ligament l.
3. Anterior talofibular l.

Medial Ligaments:
1. Deltoid l. (very strong)
- Extends from the distal border of the medial malleolus to the medial side of talus
- Strengthens and holds the calcaneus and navicular against the talus.
- Prone to injuries in inversion

Clinical:
1. Acute sprains of the lateral ankle
- Common and caused by excessive inversion → anterior talofibular ligament and calcaneofibular ligament are partially torn → pain and swelling.
2. Acute sprains of the medial ankle
- Less common than the lateral ankle sprain → medial or deltoid ligament tear as a result o excessive eversion → great strength o medial (deltoid) ligament normally pulls tip o medial malleolus.
3. Fracture dislocations of the ankle are also common due to forced external rotation and overeversion of the foot

Question 4

Describe the muscles producing different movements of the ankle joint

Answer 4

1. Dorsiflexion → Tibialis anterior helped by extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus and peroneus tertius
2. Plantarflexion → Gastrocnemius, Soleus, assisted by Plantaris flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, tibialis posterior

• Inversion and Eversion are not movements of the ankle joint but of the subtalar joints.

Question 5

Mention the artery supply, nerve supplyof ankle joint

Answer 5

Blood supply → Anterior tibial, posterior tibial, peroneal artery

Nerve → Deep peroneal nerve, tibial nerve.

Question 6

Identify and name the type and movements of joints of the foot.

Answer 6

1. Tibio fibular joint
   - Superiorly, it is a plane type synovial joint. Middle and inferiorly it is a syndesmosis type of fibrous joint
2. Inter tarsal joint
   - Talo-calcano navicular joint is a ball and socket type of synovial joint helpws w inversion and eversion
   - Calcano cuboid joint is a saddle type synovial joint
   - Cuneonavicular joint, Cuboido navicular joint, intercuniform and cuneocuboid joint are all plane joints
   - Tarso metatarso is a plane synovial joint
   - Metatarso phalangeal condylar synovial joint
   - Interphalangeal is a hinge synovial joint
3. Subtalar joint
   - Talus-calcaneus joint
   - Inversion/eversion