ankle, foot, knee Flashcards
how many ligaments are in the foot and ankle?
112
what are sesamoid bones?
Sesamoids, also known as sesamoid bones, are focal areas of ossification within tendons as they pass over joints.
They can also occur in ligaments and usually measure a few millimetres in diameter. Their function is purported to be to alter the direction of the tendon and modify pressure, thereby reducing friction.
Some sesamoids form part of normal human anatomy (e.g. patella), while others are anatomical variants eg; fabella.
Sesamoid bones of the lower limb include:
patella
fabella
cyamella
os peroneum
hallux sesamoid.
Name the upward and downward motion of the ankle
Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion
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note;
The malleolar fossa is the small, rough depression found the medial aspect of the lateral malleolus of fibula. It is located posterior to the articular facet of lateral malleolus and provides attachment sites for the posterior tibiofibular and posterior talofibular ligaments.
name the lateral foot ligaments that protect against foot inversion.
Anterior talofibular ligament ATFL
Posterior talofibular ligament PTFL
Calcaneofibular ligament CFL
name the medial foot ligaments that protect against foot eversion
they consist of multiple ligaments grouped together forming the deltoid complex.
what is ankle syndesmosis and ankle syndesmosis injury?
A syndesmosis is “a joint where two bones are held together by ligaments.”[1] The distal tibiofibular syndesmosis is formed by two bones, the concave tibia and convex fibula, and four ligaments.
Syndesmosis is a fibrous joint held together by ligaments. It’s located near the ankle joint, between the tibia, or shinbone, and the distal fibula, or outside leg bone. That’s why it’s also called the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis.
An ankle injury common to athletes is the ankle syndesmosis injury. This type of injury is sometimes called a high ankle sprain because it involves the ligaments above the ankle joint. In an ankle syndesmosis injury, at least one of the ligaments connecting the bottom ends of the tibia and fibula bones is sprained. Recovering from even mild injuries of this type takes at least twice as long as from a typical ankle sprain. It’s actually made up of several ligaments. The primary ones are:
anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament AITFL
posterior inferior tibiofibular ligament
interosseous ligament PITFL
transverse tibiofibular ligament
The syndesmosis ligament acts as a shock absorber, providing stability and support for your ankle. Its main job is to align the tibia and fibula and keep them from spreading too far apart.
What is and where is the interosseous membrane?
The interosseous membrane is a thick dense fibrous sheet of connective tissue that spans the space between two bones forming a type of syndesmosis joint.
interosseous membrane of the forearm
in the upper limb, the interosseous membrane is between the radius and ulna; it divides the forearm into anterior and posterior compartments and also serves as an attachment for several deep muscles of the forearm and hand.
interosseous membrane of the calf
in the lower limb, the interosseous membrane is between the tibia and fibula; along with the anterior and posterior intermuscular septae, it divides the leg into several compartments and also serves as an attachment for several deep muscles of the leg and foot.
In both the forearm and leg, the interosseous membrane may be pierced by vessels.
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what is an apophysis?
An apophysis is a normal developmental outgrowth of a bone which arises from a separate ossification centre, and fuses to the bone later in development. An apophysis usually does not form a direct articulation with another bone at a joint, but often forms an important insertion point for a tendon or ligament.
Apophysis review
Also, don’t confuse a base of fifth fracture with an unfused apophysis or vice versa. An unfused apophysis runs longitudinally, whereas fractures are usually transverse. The apophysis appears at age 12 for boys and age 10 for girls, and it usually fuses over the next few years.
Describe a Lisfranc injury
Normally aligned bones should have the second metatarsal aligning with the intermediate cuneiform on the DP view; and the third metatarsal aligning with the lateral cuneiform on the oblique view. The Lisfranc ligament connects the cuneiforms and the second metatarsal. Disruption of this ligament leaves an unstable foot and so it’s an important one not to miss.
Ankle video
https://www.physio-pedia.com/Ankle_Joint?lang=en
What is the malleloar fossa?
The malleolar fossa is the shallow, rough hole, about the size of the end of the index finger, at the distal end of the fibula. The hole opens posteriorly and medially at the distal end of the fibula. It is the attachment site for the posterior tibiofibular and posterior talofibular ligaments.
What is Achilles tendinopathy?
Achilles tendinopathy is an injury to the Achilles tendon connecting your calf to the calcaneus, it is an overuse injury.
Achilles tendinitis is a common condition that occurs when the large tendon that runs down the back of the lower leg becomes irritated and inflamed.
(Tendinitis, tendinosis, and tendinopathy are all common terms which essentially refer to the same problem).
Achilles tendinitis is different than an Achilles rupture, a condition where the tendon becomes separated off the heel bone or completely torn in half. Achilles tendon rupture typically results from a sudden injury.
Describe Haglund’s deformity.
This is a condition in which there is enlargement of the bone on the back of the heel. This can rub on the Achilles tendon and cause inflammation and pain.
Where are the metatarsophalangeal (mtp) joints?
Are the synovial joints that connect the metatarsals to the proximal phalanges.
Name the toe joints
What is IIiobital Band Syndrome?
IBS syndrome is where the IIiobital band tendon (lateral side) tightens and becomes swollen or inflamed from rubbing against the pelvis or knee bones. People that exercise frequently are most at risk, bt can also include arthritis and weakness in certain muscles. Also consider poor running form, footwear, downhill running etc. As well as the picture description pain can be burning/aching. Pain during knee flexion.
What is the name of the triangular area in the picture?
Kagers fat pad. Normal appearance of the fat pad can be distorted by; oedema, haemorrhage, infection, inflammation, thickened tendons. In trauma look for bony or soft tissue injury. In this picture, lateral radiography of the ankle revealed obscured borders of Kager’s fat pad (triangle) and distorted Achilles tendon trace. These findings are consistent with an Achilles tendon rupture,
