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DPT 691 - MSK II > Ankle & Foot - Anatomy > Flashcards

Ankle & Foot - Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What bones comprise the Forefoot?

Ankle & Foot - Anatomy

A

The Forefoot consists of the phalanges.

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2
Q

What is the function of the metatarsals in the Forefoot?

Ankle & Foot - Anatomy

A
  • Support the arches of the foot
  • Play a key role in weight distribution & balance during motion
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3
Q

What bones comprise the Midfoot?

Ankle & Foot - Anatomy

A

The Midfoot consists of the…

  • Metatarsals
  • Medial cuneiform
  • Intermediate cuneiform
  • Lateral cuneiform
  • Cuboid
  • Navicular
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4
Q

What bones comprise the Hindfoot?

Ankle & Foot - Anatomy

A

The Hindfoot consists of the…

  • Talus
  • Calcaneus
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5
Q

How many phalanges are present in each toe, and what are their types?

Ankle & Foot - Anatomy

A
  • Toes 2-5 = Three phalanges - proximal, middle, and distal.
  • Big toe, which has only two (proximal and distal).
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6
Q

What is the role of the cuboid bone in the Midfoot?

Ankle & Foot - Anatomy

A

The cuboid bone stabilizes the lateral side of the foot and assists in the foot’s lateral arch functioning.

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7
Q

Describe the location and function of the cuneiform bones in the Midfoot.

Ankle & Foot - Anatomy

A
  • Located between the navicular bone and the first three metatarsals.
  • The cuneiform bones help in maintaining the integrity of the medial longitudinal arch and assist in foot movements.
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8
Q

What is the significance of the talus bone in the Hindfoot?

Ankle & Foot - Anatomy

A

The talus serves as the primary connection between the foot and the leg, helping transfer weight and pressure across the ankle joint.

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9
Q

Describe the role of the calcaneus in the Hindfoot.

Ankle & Foot - Anatomy

A

The calcaneus, or heel bone, is the largest bone in the foot and provides support for the heel and lever action for walking.

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10
Q

What makes palpating the posterior tibial pulse easier ?

Ankle & Foot - Anatomy

A

Passively inverting the ankle

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11
Q

What are the key ligaments in the lateral ankle, and what is their primary function?

Ankle & Foot - Anatomy

A

- The key lateral ligaments

  • Anterior talofibular ligament
  • Calcaneofibular ligament
  • Posterior talofibular ligament.

- Their primary function is to stabilize the lateral aspect of the ankle joint and prevent excessive inversion of the foot.

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12
Q

What is the role of the calcaneofibular ligament in ankle stability?

Ankle & Foot - Anatomy

A

The calcaneofibular ligament connects the fibula to the calcaneus and provides lateral stability to the ankle, especially when the foot is plantarflexed.

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13
Q

Describe the location and function of the anterior talofibular ligament.

Ankle & Foot - Anatomy

A

Located at the front of the ankle, connecting the talus to the fibula, this ligament stabilizes the ankle against anterior displacement of the talus and excessive internal rotation.

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14
Q

What are the components of the deltoid ligament in the medial ankle, and what is its primary role?

Ankle & Foot - Anatomy

A

- The deltoid ligament is a multifaceted ligament consisting of the

  • tibionavicular
  • tibiocalcaneal
  • posterior tibiotalar

- It provides medial stability and prevents excessive eversion and valgus tilting of the heel.

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15
Q

What is the function of the anterior tibiofibular ligament and its anatomical significance?

Ankle & Foot - Anatomy

A

This ligament connects the lower ends of the tibia and fibula, playing a critical role in stabilizing the ankle joint and maintaining the integrity of the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis.

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16
Q

Identify the joints formed by the talus and their functional significance.

Ankle & Foot - Anatomy

A

- The talus forms several critical joints:

  • the talocrural (ankle) joint, subtalar joint
  • talonavicular joint.

- These joints are crucial for the mobility and stability of the foot, facilitating movements such as dorsiflexion, plantarflexion, inversion, and eversion.

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17
Q

How does the talocalcaneal ligament contribute to foot mechanics?

Ankle & Foot - Anatomy

A

This ligament, part of the subtalar joint, helps in maintaining the stability of the heel and plays a role in the complex movements of the hindfoot.

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18
Q

What role does the interosseous membrane serve in the lower leg?

Ankle & Foot - Anatomy

A

Stretching between the tibia and fibula, the interosseous membrane stabilizes these bones and distributes forces transmitted along the leg to the ankle and foot.

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19
Q

Describe the anatomical location and function of the plantar calcaneonavicular (spring) ligament.

Ankle & Foot - Anatomy

A

This ligament extends from the calcaneus to the navicular bone on the plantar side of the foot. It supports the medial longitudinal arch and absorbs impact during walking.

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20
Q

What is the significance of the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis in ankle stability?

Ankle & Foot - Anatomy

A

The distal tibiofibular syndesmosis comprises several ligaments that bind the tibia and fibula at their lower ends, providing stability and strength to the ankle joint, especially during load-bearing activities.

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21
Q

What are the main functions of the tibial nerve in the foot and ankle?

Ankle & Foot - Anatomy

A

The tibial nerve primarily controls the posterior muscles of the leg and foot, facilitating plantarflexion and inversion of the foot, as well as sensation to the sole of the foot.

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22
Q

Describe the pathway and function of the sural nerve.

Ankle & Foot - Anatomy

A

The sural nerve runs along the posterior aspect of the leg into the lateral foot. It is primarily sensory and provides sensation to the outer foot and lower ankle

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23
Q

What is the peroneal nerve, and how is it divided in the foot?

Ankle & Foot - Anatomy

A
  • The peroneal nerve, also known as the fibular nerve, branches into the deep and superficial peroneal nerves.
  • It facilitates movement and sensation in different parts of the lower leg and foot.
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24
Q

What muscles does the deep peroneal nerve innervate, and what are its sensory responsibilities?

Ankle & Foot - Anatomy

A
  • The deep peroneal nerve innervates the anterior muscles of the lower leg such as the tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, and extensor digitorum longus.
  • It provides sensation to the space between the first and second toes.
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25
Q

Describe the function and innervation area of the superficial peroneal nerve.

Ankle & Foot - Anatomy

A

The superficial peroneal nerve innervates the lateral leg muscles, such as the peroneus longus and brevis, and provides sensory information from the surface of the lower leg and the upper part of the foot.

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26
Q

What role does the medial plantar nerve play in foot functionality?

Ankle & Foot - Anatomy

A

The medial plantar nerve, a branch of the tibial nerve, innervates the majority of the sole of the foot, including muscles that flex the toes and supports sensations like touch and temperature.

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27
Q

What is the lateral plantar nerve’s pathway and function?

Ankle & Foot - Anatomy

A

The lateral plantar nerve also branches from the tibial nerve and supports both motor and sensory functions for the outer part of the bottom of the foot.

28
Q

How does the tibial nerve contribute to the gastrocnemius and soleus muscle functions?

Ankle & Foot - Anatomy

A

The tibial nerve innervates the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles, both crucial for plantarflexing the foot at the ankle, important in standing and walking movements.

29
Q

What sensory function does the deep peroneal nerve provide to the foot?

Ankle & Foot - Anatomy

A

Besides motor functions, the deep peroneal nerve provides sensory input to the web space between the first and second toes, crucial for detecting ground texture and foot placement.

30
Q

Explain the anatomical course of the tibial nerve as it approaches the foot.

Ankle & Foot - Anatomy

A

The tibial nerve travels down the back of the leg, through the tarsal tunnel posterior to the medial malleolus, branching into the medial and lateral plantar nerves to innervate the foot.

31
Q

What is the significance of cuboid palpation, and where is it located?

Ankle & Foot - Anatomy

A

The cuboid is palpated along the lateral aspect of the foot just proximal to the 4th and 5th metatarsal bases. It is significant for assessing pain or dysfunction related to lateral ankle strains.

32
Q

Describe the palpation process for the deltoid ligament.

Ankle & Foot - Anatomy

A
  • The deltoid ligament can be palpated medially, just below and in front of the medial malleolus.
  • It is crucial for checking integrity and signs of medial ankle sprains.
33
Q

What is the method for palpating the dorsal pedal pulse, and why is it important?

Ankle & Foot - Anatomy

A

Palpate the dorsal pedal pulse on the dorsum of the foot, slightly lateral to the extensor hallucis longus tendon, near the ankle joint. It is important for assessing blood circulation to the foot.

34
Q

How is the tibialis anterior muscle palpated and what does this muscle control?

Ankle & Foot - Anatomy

A

Palpate the tibialis anterior along the lateral side of the tibia in the lower leg. It controls dorsiflexion and inversion of the foot.

35
Q

What are the movements associated with the inversion and eversion of the foot, and which muscles are primarily responsible?

Ankle & Foot - Anatomy

A

Inversion of the foot involves the tibialis anterior and tibialis posterior muscles, moving the sole of the foot towards the midline. Eversion involves the peroneal muscles, moving the sole away from the midline.

36
Q

Describe how to palpate the posterior tibial pulse and its relevance.

Ankle & Foot - Anatomy

A

The posterior tibial pulse is palpated just behind and slightly below the medial malleolus. It is essential for evaluating the blood supply to the foot and detecting circulatory issues.

37
Q

What is the function of the extensor hallucis longus and how is it palpated?

Ankle & Foot - Anatomy

A

The extensor hallucis longus extends the big toe and assists in dorsiflexion of the foot. Palpate it along the anterior side of the ankle and foot, moving toward the big toe.

38
Q

Explain how to assess the flexibility and range of motion of the talocrural joint.

Ankle & Foot - Anatomy

A

Assess the talocrural joint by moving the foot dorsally and plantarly. It’s the main hinge joint of the ankle, important for walking and running motions.

39
Q

How do you perform palpation of the navicular bone, and why is this important?

Ankle & Foot - Anatomy

A
  • The navicular bone is palpated on the medial side of the foot, just above the arch.
  • It is important for assessing arch health and potential issues like navicular drop or collapse.
40
Q

What bones form the medial arch of the foot?

Ankle & Foot - Anatomy

A

The medial arch is formed by the calcaneus, talus, navicular, three cuneiforms, and the first three metatarsals.

41
Q

Which arch ?

Ankle & Foot - Anatomy

A

Medial Longitudinal Arch:

  • The medial arch is the higher of the two longitudinal arches.
  • It is formed by the calcaneus, talus, navicular, three cuneiforms and first three metatarsal bones.
  • Helps absorb and distribute the impact of body weight during standing, walking, and running, providing a spring-like function to assist in movement efficiency.
42
Q

Which muscles support the medial arch, and how do they contribute?

Ankle & Foot - Anatomy

A

Key supporting muscles include:

  • posterior tibialis - which helps maintain the arch
  • flexor hallucis longus
  • flexor digitorum longus - which support toe movement and stability.
43
Q

Which arch ?

Ankle & Foot - Anatomy

A

Lateral Longitudinal Arch:

  • The lateralarchis the flatter of the two longitudinal arches and lies on the ground in the standing position.
  • It is formed by the calcaneus, cuboid and 4th and 5th metatarsal bones
44
Q

Describe the functional role of the lateral arch.

Ankle & Foot - Anatomy

A

The lateral arch aids in balancing the foot and providing flexibility, particularly important when adapting to uneven surfaces and during lateral movement.

45
Q

Which arch ?

Ankle & Foot - Anatomy

A

Transverse Arch:

  • The transverse arch is located in thecoronal planeof the foot.
  • It isformed by the metatarsal bases, the cuboid and the three cuneiform bones.
  • It helps maintain foot stability and distributes transverse foot pressures.
46
Q

How does the transverse arch contribute to foot mechanics?

Ankle & Foot - Anatomy

A

The transverse arch assists in load bearing and adaptation to ground surfaces, helping distribute forces across the foot during various activities.

47
Q

Peroneal Palpation

Longus or Brevis goes under the foot ?

Ankle & Foot - Anatomy

A

Peroneals (Brevis and Longus):

  • Longus goes under the foot.
  • Palpate the tendons by having the patient evert the foot.
48
Q

How do the arches of the foot affect gait and posture?

Ankle & Foot - Anatomy

A

The arches provide mechanical efficiency, shock absorption, and energy return, crucial for effective gait patterns and posture alignment.

49
Q

What common pathologies affect the foot arches, and what are their implications?

Ankle & Foot - Anatomy

A

Common pathologies include flatfoot (collapsed medial arch) and high arches, which can lead to pain, altered gait mechanics, and increased risk of other foot injuries.

50
Q

Posterior & Plantar Muscles

Gastrocnemius

  • Nerve supply = ?
  • Nerve Root Derivation = ?

Ankle & Foot - Anatomy

A

Gastrocnemius

  • Nerve supply = Tibial
  • Nerve Root Derivation = S1, S2
51
Q

Posterior & Plantar Muscles

Solues

  • Nerve supply = ?
  • Nerve Root Derivation = ?

Ankle & Foot - Anatomy

A

Solues

  • Nerve supply = Tibial
  • Nerve Root Derivation = S1, S2
52
Q

Posterior & Plantar Muscles

Plantaris

  • Nerve supply = ?
  • Nerve Root Derivation = ?

Ankle & Foot - Anatomy

A

Plantaris

  • Nerve supply = Tibial
  • Nerve Root Derivation = S1, S2
53
Q

Posterior & Plantar Muscles

Flexor Digitorium longus

  • Nerve supply = ?
  • Nerve Root Derivation = ?

Ankle & Foot - Anatomy

A

Flexor Digitorium longus

  • Nerve supply = Tibial
  • Nerve Root Derivation = S2, S3
54
Q

Posterior & Plantar Muscles

Peroneus longus

  • Nerve supply = ?
  • Nerve Root Derivation = ?

Ankle & Foot - Anatomy

A

Peroneus longus

  • Nerve supply = Superficial peroneal
  • Nerve Root Derivation = L5, S1, S2
55
Q

Posterior & Plantar Muscles

Peroneus Brevis

  • Nerve supply = ?
  • Nerve Root Derivation = ?

Ankle & Foot - Anatomy

A

Peroneus Brevis

  • Nerve supply = Superficial peroneal
  • Nerve Root Derivation = L5, S1, S2
56
Q

Posterior & Plantar Muscles

Flexor Hallucis longus

  • Nerve supply = ?
  • Nerve Root Derivation = ?

Ankle & Foot - Anatomy

A

Flexor Hallucis longus

  • Nerve supply = Tibial
  • Nerve Root Derivation = S2, S3
57
Q

Posterior & Plantar Muscles

Tibialis posterior

  • Nerve supply = ?
  • Nerve Root Derivation = ?

Ankle & Foot - Anatomy

A

Tibialis posterior

  • Nerve supply = Tibial
  • Nerve Root Derivation = L4, L5
58
Q

Deep Posterior & Plantar low leg

What muscles are responsible for flexion of toes = ?

4 muscles

Ankle & Foot - Anatomy

A

Flexion of toes:

1) Flexor digitorum longus

  • Tibial S2, S3

2) Flexor hallucis longus

  • Tibial S2, S3

3) Flexor digitorum brevis

  • Tibial (medial plantar branch) S2, S3

4) Flexor hallucis brevis

  • Tibial (medial plantar branch) S2, S3
59
Q

Deep Posterior & Plantar low leg

What muscle is responsible for inversion of the foot = ?

Ankle & Foot - Anatomy

A

Inversion of foot

- Tibialis posterior

  • Tibial L4, L5
60
Q

Plantar Muscles of the foot

What muscles are responsible for Abduction of toes = ?

3

Ankle & Foot - Anatomy

A

Abduction of toes

- Abductor hallucis

  • Tibial (medial plantar branch) S2, S3

- Abductor digiti minimi

  • Tibial (lateral plantar branch) S2, S3

- Dorsal interossei

  • Tibial (lateral plantar branch) S2, S3
61
Q

Plantar Muscles of the foot

What muscles are responsible for Adduction of toes = ?

2

Ankle & Foot - Anatomy

A

Adduction of toes:

- Adductor hallucis

  • Tibial (lateral plantar branch) S2, S3

- Plantar interossei

  • Tibial (lateral plantar branch) S2, S3
62
Q

Neuroanatomy of the foot & ankle

?

Ankle & Foot - Anatomy

A

Tibial S1,S2

63
Q

Neuroanatomy of the foot & ankle

?

Ankle & Foot - Anatomy

A

Lateral plantar S1, S2

64
Q

Neuroanatomy of the foot & ankle

?

Ankle & Foot - Anatomy

A

Medial Plantar S1, S2

65
Q

Neuroanatomy of the foot & ankle

?

Ankle & Foot - Anatomy

A

Saphenous L3,L4

66
Q

Neuroanatomy of the foot & ankle

?

Ankle & Foot - Anatomy

A

Sural S1,S2

67
Q

Neuroanatomy of the foot & ankle

  • Green = ?
  • Red = ?
  • Purple = ?
  • Pink = ?
  • Blue = ?

Ankle & Foot - Anatomy

A
  • Green = Common Peroneal - L2,L3
  • Red = Saphenous, Medial Crural - L3,L4
  • Purple = Sural - S1,S2
  • Pink = Superficial Peroneal -L4-S1
  • Blue = Deep Peroneal - L4,L5

DPT 691 - MSK II (20 decks)

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