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Lower Extremity Anatomy & Biomechanics > Ankle Biomechanics > Flashcards

Ankle Biomechanics Flashcards

1
Q

Name some functions of the ankle.

A

Shock Absorption
A rigid lever for push-off
Adapts to uneven terrain

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2
Q

What type of joint is the distal Tibiofibular Joint?

A

Syndesmosis joint

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3
Q

How is the distal Tibiofibular joint connected?

A

Articular capsule

Anterior & Posterior tibiofibular ligaments

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4
Q

What is the Talocrural joint?

A

Articulation between the distal tibia & fibula with the trochlea of the talus

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5
Q

What type of joint is the Talocrural Joint?

A

Uniaxial hinge joint

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6
Q

How many degrees of freedom does the talocrural joint have?

A

1 (Plantar and Dorsal Flexion)

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7
Q

Where is the axis of rotation for the talocrural joint?

A

10 degrees offset in the frontal plane

6 degrees offset in the horizontal plane

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8
Q

What are the 3 fibers for the deltoid ligament?

A

Tibionavicular fibers
Tibiocalcaneal fibers
Tibiotalar fibers

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9
Q

What does the Tibionavicular fibers restrict?

A

(restricts talocrural eversion, PF, & anterior slide of talus)
(restricts talonavicular eversion & abduction

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10
Q

What do the Tibiocalcaneal Fibers restrict?

A

Talocrural and subtalar eversion

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11
Q

What do the Tibiotalar fibers restrict?

A

Talocrural eversion, DF, and posterior slide of the talus

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12
Q

Name some of the lateral ligaments of the talocrural joint

A

Anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL)
Calcaneofibular Ligament
Posterior talofibular ligament

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13
Q

What does the ATFL restrict?

A

Talocrural PF, anterior slide of talus, inversion, and adduction.

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14
Q

What does the Calcaneofibular ligament restrict?

A 
Talocrural DF, posterior slide of talus, and inversion
Subtalar inversion (mostly stretched during DF)
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15
Q

What does the posterior talofibular ligament restrict?

A

Talocrural DF, posterior slide of talus, inversion, and abduction

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16
Q

Which ligament is the weakest in the lateral region, and is mostly related to inversion ankle sprains?

A

ATFL

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17
Q

What type of joint is the subtalar joint?

A

Diarthrodial synovial joint

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18
Q

What is the articulations with the Subtalar joint?

A

Calcaneus and talus

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19
Q

What is the main action of the Subtalar joint?

A

Supination (inversion), and pronation (eversion)

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20
Q

What is pronation?

A

Dorsiflexion, Abduction, Eversion

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21
Q

What is supination?

A

Plantarflexion, Adduction, Inversion

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22
Q

What does supination allow?

A

A rigid push-off during gait, (medial sole showing)

23
Q

What does pronation allow?

A

Shock absorption with ground reaction forces (lateral sole showing)

24
Q

What path does the subtalar joint take and where is the axis of rotation?

A

Curvilinear path
Approximately 42 degrees from the horizontal plane
Approximately 23 degrees from the sagittal plane

25
Q

Name the ligaments associated with the subtalar joint

A

Cervical talocalcaneal ligament

Interosseous talocalcaneal ligament

26
Q

What does the cervical talocalcaneal ligament restrict?

A

Inversion

binds the calcaneus to the talus

27
Q

What does the interosseous talocalcaneal ligament restrict?

A

Limits Eversion

binds the calcaneus to the talus

28
Q

What is the articulations with the Transverse Tarsal joint?

A

Calcaneocubiod & talonavicular joints

29
Q

What type of joint is the Transverse Tarsal joint?

A

Synovial saddle joint

30
Q

What are the axis of motion in the transverse tarsal joint?

A

Longitudinal (inversion/eversion) 15 degrees upward from transverse plane, 9 degrees from longitudinal reference
Oblique (flexion/extension) 52 degrees upward from transverse plane, 50-57 degrees from the frontal plane

31
Q

What does the spring ligament do?

A

Supports the medial longitudinal arch

Prevents excessive medial and plantar movement of the talus

32
Q

What does the medial longitudinal arch consist of?

A

Calcaneous, Talus, Navicular, Cuniforms, and Medial metatarsals

33
Q

What’s the keystone of the medial longitudinal arch?

A

Talonavicular joint?

34
Q

What supports the medial longitudinal arch?

A

Plantar Fascia,
Spring ligament
Short & long plantar ligaments
tibialis posterior muscle

35
Q

What is Pes planus?

A 
dropped arch (overstretched plantar fascia)
Commonly connected to overpronation & excess rearfoot varus
36
Q

During stance phase, what happens to the arch?

A

decreased arch, increased rear foot pronation w/ increased weight bearing

37
Q

During the swing phase, what happens to the arch?

A

Increased arch, decreased rear foot pronation (so supination), w/ decreased weight bearing

38
Q

What happens with over pronation of the foot?

A

Hip-increased IR, flexion, adduction
Knee-Increased valgus stress
Rearfoot- increased pronation
Mid/Forefoot- supination (inversion)

39
Q

What happens when you correct over pronation?

A

Better storing of elastic energy (better push off)
Able to grip surface better
Decreased stress transmission to other joints

40
Q

What type of joint is the tarsometatarsal joint?

A

Plane synovial joint (gliding movements)

41
Q

Which TMT is most mobile and least mobile?

A

2nd and 3rd TMT highly immobile

1st TMT most mobile (helps transfer force at push-off)

42
Q

What type of joint is the MTP joint?

A

Condyloid synovial joint (biaxial joints)

2 degrees of freedom

43
Q

What is turf toe?

A

Hyperextension of first MTP joint

44
Q

What type of joint is the IP joints?

A

Synovial hinge joint (Concave on Convex)

1 degree of freedom

45
Q

What is the Plantar Fascia

A

Fibrous band that goes from medial plantar tuberosity to MTP plantar plates

46
Q

What tightens the plantar fascia?

A

toe extension

47
Q

What’s the windlass effect?

A

When Plantar fascia is tight, it inverts calcaneous and elevates arch, helps supinate subtalar joint

48
Q

Where’s the tarsal tunnel, and what can happen here?

A

Posterior & inferior to medial malleolus, can cause tibial nerve entrapment

49
Q

What all runs through the tarsal tunnel

A 
Tibialis posterior
Flexor Digitorum Longus
Posterior Tibial Artery & Vein
Tibial Nerve
Flexor Hallucis Longus
50
Q

What doe the intrinsic muscles of the foot do?

A

Control arch during midstance of gait
Help lift the arch during the later phases of gait
Stabilize the forefoot during terminal stance

51
Q

What happens during inversion ankle sprain?

A

Tear of ligaments of ankle (ATFL most common, followed by CFL)
Happens with PF & inversion

52
Q

How are ankle sprains graded?

A

1: Ligament damage, with no instability
2: Ligaments having partial tear, ATFL partial tear, CFL stretches
3: Rupture of of ATFL & CFL ligaments, with partial tear of posterior talofibular & Tibiofibular ligaments

53
Q

What is a foot drop?

A

Inability to DF foot
Damage to fibular nerve, (stroke/brain injury, spine problems, muscle disorders)
Treated with bracing, orthotics, physical therapy

54
Q

What is hallux valgus?

A 
1st metatarsal is adducted
phalanges abducted
hypermobile 1st metatarsal
increased pronation of the foot
bunions can form

Lower Extremity Anatomy & Biomechanics (11 decks)

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