Ankle and Foot

Question 1

Pronation

Answer 1

• dorsiflexion
• abduction
• eversion

Question 2

Supination

Answer 2

• plantarflexion
• adduction
• inversion

Question 3

Talo Crural Joint

Answer 3

-primary motion: dorsiflexion for pronation and plantarflexion for supination

Question 4

Talocalcaneal Joint (Subtalar)

Answer 4

• ankle supination: inversion

- ankle pronation: eversion

Question 5

Osteokinematics

Answer 5

• joint moves around oblique axes that lie at angles to all 3 cardinal planes
• 3D movement occurs simultaneously wouldn’t be possible without triplanar axes

Question 6

Transverse Tarsal Joint

Answer 6

• separate joint capsules
• combination of joints: talonavicular and calcaneocuboid
• contributes to DF/PF and INV/EV

Question 7

Subtalar Neutral

Answer 7

• position in which foot is neither pronated nor supinated
• duality of foot: shift between mobile adaptor and rigid lever; mobile (pronation) at heel strike to foot flat-inversion component, rigid (supination) just prior to heel raise-aids in push off eversion component
• clinical ramifications: controversial
• time during gait in subtalar neutral: none-argument against is that it’s more natural to allow foot flexibility
• measurement often taken to standardize conversation
• bracing-pediatrics and neurologic populations