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Musculoskeletal Exam 4 > Ankle Anatomy and Biomechanics > Flashcards

Ankle Anatomy and Biomechanics Flashcards

1
Q

How many bones are in the ankle and foot?

How many articulations?

A

28

55

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2
Q

Which joint sustains the greatest load per surface area of any joint in the body?

A

Ankle joint

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3
Q

What percentage of body weight is places on the ankle joint during walking? running?

A

120% during walking

275% during running

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4
Q

What part of the ankle/foot joint absorbs the majority of the load? second most?

A

Rearfoot, followed by metatarsal heads

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5
Q

What are the functions of the foot?

A
  • Act as a support base that provides the necessary stability for upright posture with minimal muscle effort
  • Provides a mechanism for rotation of the tibia and fibula during stance
  • Provides flexibility to adapt to uneven terrain
  • Provides flexibility for absorption of shock
  • Acts as a lever during push-off
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6
Q

What type of joint is the tibiofibular joint?

A

Syndesmosis

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7
Q

What is the resting position of the tibiofibular joint?

A

Plantarflexion

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8
Q

What is the close-packed position of the tibiofibular joint?

A

Maximum dorsiflexion

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9
Q

What is the capsular pattern for the tibiofibular joint?

A

Pain on stress

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10
Q

What are the supporting ligaments of the tibiofibular joint?

A
  • Anterior tibiofibular ligament
  • Posterior tibiofibular ligament
  • Interosseous ligament
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11
Q

Which joint is the mortise joint?

A

Talocrural joint

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12
Q

What type of joint is the talocrural joint?

A

Uniaxial modified hinge joint

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13
Q

What is the talocrural joint designed for?

A

Stability

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14
Q

What is the resting position of the talocrural joint?

A

10 degrees plantarflexion

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15
Q

What is the closed-packed position of the talocrural joint?

A

Maximum dorsiflexion

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16
Q

What is the capsular pattern?

A

PF, DF

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17
Q

What are the supporting ligaments of the talocrural joint?

A

Deltoid Ligament

  • Tibionavicular
  • Tibiocalcaneal
  • Posterior tibiotalar
  • Anterior tibiotalar

Lateral Collateral

  • Anterior talofibular
  • Posterior talofibular
  • Calcaneofibular
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18
Q

What is another name for the talocalcaneal joint?

A

Subtalar joint

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19
Q

How many degrees of freedom does the subtalar joint have?

A

3

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20
Q

What is the resting position of the subtalar joint?

A

Midway between extremes of ROM

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21
Q

What is the closed-packed position of the subtalar joint?

A

Supination

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22
Q

What is the capsular pattern of the subtalar joint?

A

Varus, valgus at rearfoot

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23
Q

What are the supporting ligaments of the subtalar joint?

A
  • Lateral (anterior) talocalcaneal ligament
  • Medial (posterior) talocalcaneal ligament
  • Cervical ligament
  • Interosseous ligament
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24
Q

What are the open chain (talus stable) positions of the subtalar joint?

A

Supination (PF, inversion, adduction)

Pronation (DF, eversion, abduction)

25
Q

What are the closed chain (calcaneous stable) positions of the subtalar joint?

A

Supination (talus abduction, dorsiflexion, calcaneal inversion)
Pronation (talus PF, adduction, calcaneal eversion)

26
Q

What joints comprise the Transverse tarsal (midtarsal) joint?

A
  • Calcaneocuboid joint

- Talocalcaneonavicular joint (talonavicular)

27
Q

What is the resting position of the transverse tarsal joint?

A

Midway between the extremes of ROM

28
Q

What is the closed-packed position of the transverse tarsal joint?

A

Supination

29
Q

What is the capsular pattern of the transverse tarsal joint?

A

DF, PF, Add, Medial rotation

30
Q

What is the resting position of the cuneonavicular joint?

A

Midway between extremes of ROM

31
Q

What is the close packed position of the cuneonavicular joint?

A

Supination

32
Q

What is the capsular pattern of the cuneonavicular joint?

A

DF, PF, Add, Medial rotation

33
Q

What is the resting position of the cuboidenavicular joint?

A

Midway between the extremes of ROM

34
Q

What is the close packed position of the cuboidenavicular joint?

A

Supination

35
Q

What is the resting position of the Intercuneiform joints?

A

Midway between the extremes of ROM

36
Q

What is the closed packed position of the intercuneiform joints?

A

Supination

37
Q

What is the resting position of the cuneocuboid joint?

A

Midway between the extremes of ROM

38
Q

What is the close packed position of the cuneocuboid joint?

A

Supination

39
Q

What is the close packed position of the tarsometatarsal joint?

A

Supination

40
Q

What is the close packed position of the intermetatarsal joints?

A

Supination

41
Q

What is the resting position of the metatarsophalangeal joint?

A

10 degrees extension

42
Q

What is the close packed position of the metatarsophalangeal joint?

A

Full extension

43
Q

What is the capsular pattern of the metatarsophalangeal joint?

A

Extension, Flexion

44
Q

During gait, the 1st MTP dorsiflexes about ____ degrees.

A

60 degrees

45
Q

During running, squatting, sports, the 1st MTP dorsiflexes about _____ degrees

A

90 degrees

46
Q

What is the resting position of the interphalangeal joint?

A

Slight flexion

47
Q

What is the close packed position of the interphalangeal joint?

A

Full extension

48
Q

Where does the plantar fascia/aponeurosis originate and insert? What is its role?

A

Originates from the calcaneous and inserts to the plantar forefoot
- serves a supportive and protective role and is intricately involved with the weight-bearing function of the foot

49
Q

What are the 4 retinacula? What is their function?

A
  • Superior extensor
  • Inferior extensor
  • Superiofibular
  • Flexor

Function: to tether the tendons as they cross the ankle to enter the foot

50
Q

What does the superior extensor retinaculum contain?

A

EDL, EHL, Tib Ant, Fib tertius

51
Q

What does the inferior extensor retinaculum contain?

A

Dorsal tendons

52
Q

What does the superiofibular retinacula contain?

A

Fibularis longus and brevis tendons

53
Q

What does the flexor retinaculum contain?

A

Flexor digitorum longus, FHL, Tib Post, and neurovascular bundle

54
Q

The arches of the foot support the foot by which 3 mechanisms?

A
  1. Osseous relationship of the tarsal and metatarsal bones
  2. Ligamentous support from the plantar aponeurosis and plantar ligaments
  3. Muscle support
55
Q

What are the 3 main arches of the foot?

A
  • Medial longitudinal
  • Lateral longitudinal
  • Transverse arch
56
Q

What are the symptoms of talipes equinus?

A

Limited dorsiflexion and contracture of gastrocsoleus

57
Q

What are the symptoms of clubfoot?

A

Congenital deformity and talipes equinovarus

58
Q

What are subjective functional tests?

A
  • The Ankle Joint Functional Assessment Tool

- The foot function index

59
Q

What are objective functional tests?

A
  • Weight-bearing assessment
  • Single-Leg Stance test
  • Star excursion balance test

Musculoskeletal Exam 4 (6 decks)

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